6 th Interim Report : OCTOBER-2014

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Document Control and Data Sheet 1. Report No.

:

ICZMP/87/2014

2. Document Month 3. Title

: :

October-2014 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project Sixth Interim Progress Report Capacity Building of GEER Foundation (Database of Marine Biodiversity and Coral Transplantation Experiment in Gulf of Kachchh)

4. Type of Document

:

Interim Progress Report

5. No. of Pages

:

26 Colour Plates + 217 B/W

6. No. of References

:

129

7. Security Classification

:

© Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, Gandhinagar This report may be cited as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project, Sixth Interim Progress Report, Capacity Building of GEER Foundation, (Database of Marine Biodiversity and Coral Transplantation Experiment in Gulf of Kachchh), Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, Gandhinagar. 206pp.

Report brought by Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, Indroda Nature Park, P. O. Sector-7, Gandhinagar-382 007, Gujarat, India. Phone: +91-79-23221385 Fax: +91-79-23241128 Email: [email protected] Website: www.geerfoundation.gujarat.gov.in

STUDY TEAM For the period upto July 31, 2014 Head of the Institution

:

Mr. Bharat J. Pathak, IFS Addl. Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Director

(Direction & Guidance) Nodal Officer

:

(Coordination) Manager

:

Mr. B. M. Rabari, GFS Dy. Director (R & D)

Mr. B. M. Joshi, GFS Dy. Director (EE)

Mr. Vikram Singh Manager, ICZMP

Scientist

:

Dr. Harshad Salvi Scientist, ICZMP

Environmental Parameters

:

Dr. Rajal Patel, Research Associate

:

JRF Mr. Bignesh Thakur

Mr. Ankit Trivedi

Ms. Jignasha Vankar

Mr. Roshan Bhagat

Mr. Parth Tailor

Ms. Diksha Sharma

:

Flora

TA Mr. Hiren Chavda

Ms. Vidushee Solanki

Ms. Trupti Patel

Mr. Vipul Solanki

Ms. Ankita Patel

Mr. Christian Lamb

:

SRF Mr. Nilesh Vaghela

:

Mr. Bhargav Bharmbhatt JRF

Ms. Lopamudra Das :

Ms. Suparna Roy TA

Ms. Bhavika Patel Fauna

:

Dr. Sandeep Munjpara, Research Associate SRF Mr. Yashpal Anand

:

JRF Ms. Kinjal Joshi

Mr. Nisarg Chaudhari

Mr. Bhavesh Parmar :

TA Ms. Pooja Tripathi

Mr. Jigar Joshi

Coral Transplantation

:

Dr. Dishant Parasharya, Research Associate

:

SRF Mr. Yashpal Anand JRF Mr. Hiren Bhatti TA Ms. Heena Parmar Mr. Divyarajsinh Jadeja

Laboratory

:

Mr. Dashrathsinh Barad

Dr. Vijay Makwana, Lab Superintendent

:

LT Ms. Vaishali Parmar

Ms. Raksha Shah

Ms. Megha Patel LA Ms. Sadhana Thummar Remote Sensing & GIS Cell Admin & Account Section

:

:

Ms. Jignasha Chaudhari

Dr. B. H. Patel, IFS, DCF, Research Mr. Rakesh Patel

Mr. Nitin Patel

(Non ICZMP Staff)

(Non ICZMP Staff)

Ms. Vijaya Makwana, Accounts Officer Ms. Vaishali Solanki, Accountant Mr. Kirit Joshi, Computer Person

Photo & Video Documentation

:

Layout & Designing

:

Mr. Sunil Panchal, Studio Incharge, (Non ICZMP GEER F. Staff) Mr. Jignesh Suthar, Information & Data Coordinator (Non ICZMP GEER F. Staff)

Graphics

:

Mr. Mehul Joshi, Artist cum Graphics Designer (Non ICZMP GEER F. Staff)

Index CHAPTER

CONTENT

1 Component –A : Capacity Building & Financial Progress

PAGE NO 1-5

1.1 Background

1

1.2 Introduction

2

1.3 Human Resources

2

1.4 Infrastructure

3

1.5 Training

4

1.6 Financial Progress

5

2 Bio-Physical Monitoring of Soil & Water of Gulf of Kachchh

7-53

2.1 Introduction

7

2.2 Objectives

8

2.3 Background

9

2.4 Present Interim Report Work Period: July 2013 to June 2014

9

2.5 study area

9

2.6 methodology

11

2.7 Result and Discussion: (Work Duration July 2013 to June 2014)

13

3 Survey of Costal Flora of Gulf of Kachchh

55-75

3.1 Introduction

55

3.2 Study Area

55

3.3 Background (up to Fifth Interim)

55

3.4 Objectives

56

3.5 Work Done From March to June’2014 (6th interim)

57

3.6 Study Area of 6th interim report (March-June’2014)

57

3.7 Methodology (Coastal Flora, Sea Weeds & Mangroves)

59

3.8 Results

60

CHAPTER

CONTENT

4 Marine and Coastal Fauna of Gulf of Kachchh

PAGE NO 77-105

4.1 Background

77

4.2 Present Interim Report (6th Interim Report)

77

4.3 Progress Under Fauna Activity Until June-2014

78

5 Coral Transplantation

107-122

5.1 Introduction

107

5.2 Summary

107

5.3 Background

108

5.4 Recent activities

109

5.5 Field Work

109

5.6 Monitoring

110

5.7 Monitoring-Phase II Transplantation

113

5.8 Major Findings

115

5.9 Coral Transplantation Phase III

117

5.10 Training on Monitoring of transplanted corals and transplantation activities

120

References

123-132

Annexures

133-206

List of Tables Table-2.1

Sampling sites for biophysical study of the GoK

Table-2.2

List of Codes for Sites of GEER Foundation

Table-2.3

List of Codes for Sites of GEER- GPCB common sites

Table-2.4

List of the parameters analyzed for water

Table-2.5

List of parameters analyzed for soil

Table-2.6

Plankton recorded in the Gulf of Kachchh

Table-2.7

List of Recorded species of Phytoplankton

Table-2.8

List of Recorded species of Zooplankton

Table-3.1

Work done under the flora component from March 2014 to June 2014

Table-3.2

Distribution of Seaweeds enumeration transacts and quadrates in GoK and its Islands

Table-3.3

Distribution of Seaweeds enumeration transacts and quadrates in GoK and its Islands

Table-3.4

Floral richness till now recorded in the area of GoK

Table-3.5

Numbers of Angiosperm families- Genus-Species recorded between November-2011 to June-2014 in the GoK Coast

Table-3.6

Terrestrial Coastal Angiosperm Genera recorded between November-2011 to June-2014 in the GoK Coast

Table-3.7

Density of seedlings and saplings of mangroves in the studied Taluka

Table-3.8

Abundance of seedlings and saplings of mangroves in the studied Taluka

Table-3.9

% of Frequency – seedlings (SDG) and saplings (SPG) of mangroves in study area

Table-4.1

Checklist of amphibians recorded in the study area

Table-4.2

Checklist of reptiles recorded in the study area

Table-4.3

Species Specific Nesting Status (Secondary Data

Table-4.4

Checklist of mammals recorded in sampling area of GoK

Table-5.1

Field visits under Coral transplantation component

Table-5.2

Species wise survival of fragments Phase-I (March’ 2012)

Table-5.3

List of surviving fragments Phase-II (Monitoring data

Table-5.4

Survival of coral fragments at Narara (Phase I & II)

Table-5.5

List of other marine fauna encountered near to frames area during monitoring

Table-5.6

Details of the collected fragments

Table-5.7

Survival of coral fragments at Goose (Phase III)

Table-5.8

Sedimentation data

Table-5.9

Activity sheet for the duration July to December 2014

List of Figures Fig.-2.1

Study area and selected sampling sites

Fig.-2.2

pH- Monsoon

Fig.-2.3

pH- Winter

Fig.-2.4

pH- Summer

Fig.-2.5

pH- Average

Fig.-2.6

Temperature – Monsoon

Fig.-2.7

Temperature - Winter

Fig.-2.8

Temperature - summer

Fig.-2.9

Temperature - Average

Fig.-2.10

Turbidity-Monsoon

Fig.-2.11

Turbidity-Winter

Fig.-2.12

Turbidity-Summer

Fig.-2.13

Turbidity-Average

Fig.-2.14

Conductivity-Monsoon

Fig.-2.15

Conductivity-Winter

Fig.-2.16

Conductivity-Summer

Fig.-2.17

Conductivity- Average

Fig.-2.18

TDS - Monsoon

Fig-2.19

TDS -Winter

Fig.-2.20

TDS - Summer

Fig.-2.21

TDS – Average

Fig.-2.22

DO - Monsoon

Fig.-2.23

DO - Winter

Fig.-2.24

DO - Summer

Fig.-2.25

DO – Average

Fig.-2.26

Alkalinity- Monsoon

Fig.-2.27

Alkalinity- Winter

Fig.-2.28

Alkalinity – Summer

Fig.-2.29

Alkalinity – Average

Fig.-2.30

Acidity- Monsoon

Fig.-2.31

Acidity – Winter

Fig.-2.32

Acidity – Summer

Fig.-2.33

Acidity – Average

Fig.-2.34

T. Hardness – Monsoon

Fig.-2.35

T. Hardness – Winter

Fig.-2.36

Total Hardness – Summer

Fig.-2.37

Total Hardness – Average

Fig.-2.38

Calcium H.- Monsoon

Fig.-2.39

Calcium H.- Winter

Fig.-2.40

Calcium Summer

Fig.-2.41

Calcium – Average

Fig.-2.42

Magnesium H.- Monsoon

Fig.-2.43

Magnesium H.- Winter

Fig.-2.44

Magnesium Summer

Fig.-2.45

Magnesium – Average

Fig.-2.46

Chloride – Monsoon

Fig.-2.47

Chloride – Winter

Fig.-2.48

Chloride – Summer

Fig.-2.49

Chloride – Average

Fig.-2.50

Salinity-Monsoon

Fig.-2.51

Salinity – Winter

Fig.-2.52

Salinity – Summer

Fig.-2.53

Salinity – Average

Fig.-2.54

Nitrate – summer

Fig.-2.55

Nitrite – Winter

Fig.-2.56

Nitrite – Summer

Fig.-2.57

Phosphate - Winter

Fig.-2.58

Phosphate – Summer

Fig.-2.59

Soil pH- Average

Fig.-2.60

Soil Texture (% composition of Soil; July 2013 to Jun3 2014)

Fig.-2.61

Soil Bulk Density – Average

Fig.-2.62

Soil particle Density

Fig.-2.63

Soil Organic Carbon – Average

Fig.-2.64

Soil Organic Matter – Average

Fig.-2.65

Soil Moisture Content- Average

Fig.-2.66

Phytoplankton species diversity of selected sites of GoK (GEER Sites)

Fig.2.67

Zooplankton species diversity of selected sites of GoK (GEER Sites)

Fig.-2.68

Phytoplankton species diversity of 6 selected sites of GoK (GEER-GPCB common sites)

Fig.2.69

Zooplankton diversity at 6 selected sites of GEER-GPCB in the GoK

Fig.2.70

Composition of Phytoplankton

Fig.2.71

Composition of Zooplankton

Fig.-3.1

Habit distribution among Gymnosperm and Angiosperm

Fig.-3.2

Floristic diversity of monocot and dicotyledonous plants

Fig.-3.3

Distribution of classes and groups within Angiosperms

Fig. 3.4

Division wise species diversity of seaweeds

Fig.-3.5

Site Wise species richness of seaweeds

Fig.-3.6

Chlorophyta % coverage /sq. mt

Fig.-3.7

Phaeophyta % coverage /sq. mt

Fig.-3.8

Rhodophta % coverage /sq. mt

Fig.-3.9

Mangrove regeneration of Jamnagar Taluka

Fig.-3.10

Mangrove regeneration of Kalyanpur Taluka

Fig.-3.11

Mangrove reneration of Khambhaliya Taluka

Fig.-3.12

Mangrove reneration of Lalpur Taluka

Fig.-3.13

Mangrove reneration of Okhamandal Taluka

Fig.-4.1

Island wise density and number of Crustacean species recorded till end of June’14 in GoK

Fig.-4.2

Similarities among the Islands of GoK based on Species composition through Bray-Curtis Similarity Measure (Crustaceans)

Fig. 4.3

Island wise density and number of Mollusc species recorded till end of June’14 in GoK

Fig.-4.4

Similarities among the Islands of GoK based on Species composition through Bray-Curtis Similarity Measure (Mollusc)

Fig. 4.5

Island wise density and number of Coral species recorded till June’14 in GoK

Fig.-4.6

Similarities among the Islands of GoK based on Species composition through Bray-Curtis Similarity Measure (Coral)

Fig.-4.7

Number and proportion of herpetofauna species with terrestrial and aquatic niches

Fig.-4.8

Relative abundance of herpetofauna in GoK (till end of June’14)

Fig. 4.9

Frequency of occurrence and Relative Abundance of herpetofauna in GoK (till end of June’14)

Fig.-4.10

Number of bird species with terrestrial and aquatic niches recorded till end of June’14

Fig. 4.11

Number of bird species with migratory status recorded till end of June’14

Fig. 4.12

Proportion of bird species according to feeding habit

Fig.-4.13

Species composition based on feeding habit of animals

Fig.-4.14

Abundance of wild mammals observed in study area

Fig.-4.15

Frequency of occurrence of wild mammals (terrestrial) observed in study area

Fig.-5.1

Species-wise surviving fragments - Phase I (Till June 2014)

Fig.-5.2

Seasonal mortality (%) – Phase I

Fig.-5.3

Species specific Seasonal Mortality (Phase I)

Fig-5.4

Total fragments surviving till June 2014 (Phase II)

Fig.-5.5

Seasonal mortality (%) – Phase II

Fig.-5.6

Species specific Seasonal Mortality in Transplanted species (Phase II)

Fig-5.7

Survival of coral fragments at Narara (Phase I & II)

Fig.-5.8

Benthic cover (%) at two sites

List of Maps Map- 4.1

Distribution of “threatened” (as per IUCN-2014) species (digits indicates number of birds)

Map- 4.2

Distribution of “threatened” (as per IW(P)A, 1972) species (digits indicates number of birds)

List of Annexures Annexure-1.1 GEER Foundation’s Revised HR Plan and HR Status as on August-2014 Annexure-1.2 Statement of Expenditure and Progress in Financial year 2013-14 Annexure-1.3 Annual Work Plan (2014-2015) Annexure-1.4 Progress in Financial year 2014-15(Till July ‘14) Annexure-1.5 Quarterly Fund and Expenditure Status (August – 2010 to July – 2014) Annexure-1.6 Annexure – 1.6 Activity-wise Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to July2014 & Activity-wise Annual Action Plan from August-2014 to F.Y. 2015-16 (upto Dec-15) Annexure-3.1 Checklist of Angiosperm plants of the Gulf of Kachchh Annexure-3.2 comparison of seaweed inventory with previous records Annexure-4.1 List of Crustaceans species recorded in GoK till end of June’14 Annexure-4.2 Similarity Matrix of Island of GoK based on Species composition (Crustacean) Annexure-4.3 List of Molluscs recorded in the GoK till end of June’14 Annexure-4.4 Similarity Matrix of Island of GoK based on Species composition (Mollusc) Annexure-4.5 List of Coral species recorded in GoK till end of June’14 Annexure-4.6 Similarity Matrix of Island of GoK based on Species composition (Coral) Annexure-4.7 Checklist of Birds recorded in the GoK till end of June’14

Chapter – 1 Component-A: Capacity Building & Financial Progress 1.1 BACKGROUND The India Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project assisted by the World Bank gets approved in the Fiscal Year-2010-11. The funding for the same was stated from July-2010. After launching of the project, the GEER Foundation had submitted Five Interim Reports (Six Monthly). The project has the following main objectives: 1) To support effective and efficient conservation and management of coastal biodiversity by providing research based information and inputs to the managers. 2) To generate information about biophysical status of the intertidal areas and, to develop benchmark information about the floral and faunal diversity in the Gulf of Kachchh. 3) To initiate the rejuvenation of live corals by experimental transplanting of some of the coral species in Gulf of Kachchh so that coral biodiversity as well as the general marine biodiversity surviving on coral reefs are enriched. To achieve the aforesaid objectives, following three components were proposed:

Component-A: Capacity building of GEER Foundation for long-term research and bio-physical monitoring in the coastal areas of Gujarat For achieving first component, the GEER Foundation proposed to strengthen its laboratory facility, set up a well-equipped centralized laboratory at Gandhinagar and Five Field Stations in the coastal areasof Gujarat. The Foundation also proposed to build the capacities of the staff by providing trainings in diving, snorkelling, taxonomy and in other areas of marine biodiversity research, biophysical monitoring and conservation. Some associated but essential infrastructure facilities like vehicle, boats, computer software &peripherals and various equipments was proposed in the project along with necessary staff.

Component-A: Capacity Building & Financial Progress

Component-B: Generating information about biophysical status of the intertidal areas and to develop benchmark information about the floral and faunal diversity in the Gulf of Kachchh Under this component, the following four activities were taken up: 1. Bio-physical monitoring of soil and water of intertidal areas in Gulf of Kachchh (annual reports to be brought out at the end of third, fourth and fifth years). 2. Survey of Coastal Flora of Gujarat (report to be brought out at the end of third year). 3. Survey of Coastal Fauna (report to be brought out at the end of fourth year). 4. Biodiversity Status Report (report to be brought out at the end of the five year project period).

Component-C: Experimental coral transplantation of selected coral species in Gulf of Kachchh To achieve the third component of coral transplantation, the Foundation proposed to take up two sites in Gulf of Kachchh viz. Narara and Goose Island and carry out coral transplantation of some selected species.

1.2 INTRODUCTION GEER Foundation had submitted Fifth Interim Report in the month of March 2014indicating the methodological framework, sampling design, sample sites and the progress made during the 1st Quarter of F.Y. 2013-14 & 3rd Quarter of F.Y. 2013-14 (June-2013 to Dec-2014). This is the Sixth Interim Report of the ICZMP, GEER Foundation Component covering the progress and outcomes made during from the Jan-2014 to July-2014. A significant progress is made in all the following listed components of the project: This report is presented in five major sections/chapters viz. Chapter-1- Capacity Building & Financial Achievements, Chapter-2- Bio-Physical Monitoring of Soil & Water of Gulf of Kachchh, Chapter-3- Survey of Coastal Flora of GoK, Gujarat, Chapter-4- Marine and 2

Component-A: Capacity Building & Financial Progress

Coastal Fauna of GoK including Marine Invertebrates, Avifauna, Terrestrial Mammals and Marine Mammals and Chapter-5- Experimental Coral Transplantation- in the GoK, Gujarat. All chapters are equipped with references, photographs, checklists of species, relevant maps and the information in each component/section in the form of Annexures.

1.3 HUMAN RESOURCE As per DPR the sanctioned posts are 62, against which 46 persons are at present working with GEER Foundation under ICZM Project. In spite of Eight Rounds of recruitment, not all the provided posts could be filled up. Besides,03persons left for further education or better opportunities during this report period. Further efforts will be made to fill up important required posts. The remaining post will be filled up as per requirement of the project. Details of Revised Human Resource Plan and staff recruited are attached as Annexure-1.1.

1.4 INFRASTRUCTURE The project provides for basic and technical infrastructure needed for capacity building and project implementation. A. Vehicles/Software/Office Equipments: All the sanctioned Vehicles, Software (i.e. ArcGIS and ERDAS) and computer equipment have been procured. Additional Vehicles, Software and Office Equipments are proposed under the Mid Term Review of the Project for which approval is awaited. B. Furniture’s and Fittings: The office furniture as mentioned in Annual Work Plan (2013-14), partial procurement has been completed. Additional Furniture is proposed for the Laboratory at Gandhinagar, Five Field Stations and for the staff of ICZM Project under the Mid Term Review of the Project for which approval is awaited. C. Laboratory Equipments: Under the ICB category, there are in total 4 instruments to be procured in Current F.Y. For 3 ICB Packages instrument (i.e. UV- visible Spectrophotometer,

Atomic

Absorption

Spectrophotometer

and

Gas

Chromatograph), Purchase Order & Letter of Credit issued for all three 3

Component-A: Capacity Building & Financial Progress

equipments. For 1 ICB Package (i.e. Scanning Electron Microscope), is under process and Bid Evaluation Reports is awaited from SPMU. For the procurement of the equipments through National Shopping, approx. allequipments approved under the project have been procured. Remaining equipments will be procured after the construction of laboratory facilities. Additional Laboratory Equipments are proposed for the Laboratory at Gandhinagar, Five Field Stations and for installation at Boats under the Mid Term Review of the Project for which approval is awaited. D. Existing laboratory at Gandhinagar, Field stations and procurement of boats: GEER Foundation in context of Laboratory at GEER Foundation, Field stations and procurement of boats, the following action plan is finalized: a. Regarding enhancing the capacity of the existing lab of the GEER Foundation at Gandhinagar, the Contract Agreement signed with the contractor on April 01, 2013. Contractor has started civil works at the construction site. 90% of the civil works completed is by the Contractor. Financial progress is about 90%. b. Regarding five field stations, Contract Agreement signed with all the selected contractors. Almost 80% of the civil works completed is by the Contractor. Financial progress is about 70%. c. Regarding the procurement of boats, GEER has signed Contract Agreement Order placed for TYPE-A Boat on August 29, 2013.Boat Construction is under progress.

1.5 TRAINING As part of capacity building GEER Foundation and SPMU has organised in total 06 training/workshop programs. GEER Foundation will organise different training program depending upon the need analysis of ICZM project staff in the F.Y. 2014-15.

4

Component-A: Capacity Building & Financial Progress

1.6 FINANCIAL PROGRESS 1) Statement of Expenditure and Progress in Financial year 2013-14 Annual Work Plan and activity wise expenditure detail for the Fiscal Year 2013-14 is as provided in the Annexure-1.2. Brought forward balance from F.Y. 2012-13 was Rs. 1.35 Lakhs and total grant of Rs. 350.00 Lakhs was received during the F.Y. 2013-14 against which an expenditure of Rs. 380.94Lakhs is incurred (which is 92.61% of available balance). 2) Annual Work Plan (AWP) AWP for 2014-15 is as provided in Annexure-1.3. 3) Progress in Financial year 2014-15(Till July ‘14) Brought forward balance from F.Y. 2013-14 was Rs. 40.09Lakhsand total grant of Rs. 200.00 Lakhs was received during the F.Y. 2014-15 against which an expenditure of Rs. 144.30 Lakhs is incurred (which is 60.10% of available balance). The activity wise cumulative expenditure detail is provided in Annexure-1.4. 5) Quarterly Fund and Expenditure Status (August – 2010 to July – 2014) Quarter wise details for the funds received & expenditure incurred during the period from August 2010 to July 2014 is as provided in Annexure-1.5. 6) Projections of the Remaining Project Duration: Activity-wise Expenditure Statement (from F.Y 2010-11 to July 2014) & Projections from August 2014 to December 2015 is as provided in the Annexure-1.6.

5

Chapter – 2 Bio-Physical Monitoring of the Gulf of Kachchh 2.1 INTRODUCTION The state of Gujarat is covering ecosystem diversity like different Forests Ecosystems, Desert Ecosystems, Wetland Ecosystems, Coastal & Marine Ecosystems and Agroecosystems in different regions of Gujarat State. Gulf of Kachchh, an intent to mainland of Gujarat is fourth major coral reefs areas of India. Gulf of Kachchh is very rich in floral and faunal diversity and comprises different types of communities and habitats like very unique coral reefs, mangroves, sandy shores, rocky shores and mudflats. The Gulf of Kachchh is delimited in the north by the Kachchh region and in the south by the Saurashtra region. Gujarat’s rich marine diversity is represented by the Gulf of Kachchh & Marine National Park & Sanctuary, which geographically ranges 22 o15’ to 23o 40’ N & 68o 20’ to 70o 40’ E and has the coast line of 1,650 km. Seventy percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans comprising some of the world’s most diverse and unique ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds etc.) Marine ecosystem is getting affected by both Natural as well as anthropogenic actions. Climate change is leading to sea level rise, increased coastal erosion, flooding, higher storm surges, sea salinity ingress, increased sea-surface temperatures, ocean acidification, coral bleaching, mangroves and millions of climate change refugees. Climate change results in the impact on the biodiversity like change in their distribution pattern, migration of species, invasion of invasive species, change in the phonological behavior like breeding period, migration time etc. The inception of industrialization and urbanization has initiated many coastal development activities which have resulted into decline in biodiversity indirectly by affecting the climate. The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data as calculated by a linear trend, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, over the period 1880 to 2012 (WG I, FAR, IPCC, 2013). The functioning of an aquatic ecosystem and its stability to support life forms depends, to a great extent on the physicochemical characteristics of its water. Any change in abiotic components reflects in the biotic components of an ecosystem. These studies are the important one associated with flora and fauna of the marine and estuarine environment. Maintenance of good water quality is essential for the survival of the aquatic communities in the coastland environments.

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Phytoplankton forms the vital source of energy in the marine environment. They initiate the marine food chain, by serving as food to primary consumers, which include zooplankton, shellfish, finfish and others (Ananthan et al., 2004; Tas and Gonulol, 2007).The pelagic algal communities make important contributions to the smooth functioning of mangrove ecosystem. Robertson and Blabber (1992) suggested that the plankton in mangrove habitats contribute from 20 to 50% total fish productivity. "Plankton" is the term that generally refers to the "floaters," the organisms in the water that drift with the currents. This includes the algae, zooplankton ("animal plankton"), phytoplankton (plankton that are capable of photosynthesis), and bacteria. 2.1.1 Phytoplankton Phytoplankton (‘phyto’ = plant; ‘planktons’ = made to wander) are single celled marine algae, some of which are capable of movement through the use of flagella while others drift with currents. These microscopic plants range in size from 1/ 1000 of a millimeter to 2 millimeters and float or swim in the ocean, where they are dependent on sunlight for photosynthesis. 2.2.2 Zooplankton Zooplankton (Greek: Zoon, animal; planktons, wandering) are myriads of diverse floating and drifting animals with limited power of locomotion. Majority of them are microscopic, unicellular or multi cellular forms with size ranging from a few microns to a millimeter or more. In addition to size variations, there are differences in morphological features and taxonomic position. The present baseline information of the physicochemical characteristics of water & soil would be useful tool for policy makers for the Conservation, Management and Maintenance of the rich & diverse Marine ecosystem of the Gulf of Kachchh. Present study was proposed under the ICZM project focusing on the following objectives.

2.2 OBJECTIVES 1.

To study the physic-chemical parameters of water and soil of intertidal areas of the Gulf of Kachchh.

2.

To survey the plankton diversity in the Gulf of Kachchh.

8

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

2.3 BACKGROUND The field work for samples collection under the project has been started in November 2011 after commencement of the project in September, 2010 and the periodicity for monitoring selected sites in the GoK i.e. monthly basis. Total Thirty-one (31) field visit were made for the collection of samples up to June, 2014. There were 5 interim reports have been prepared during the period of November, 2011 to December, 2013 (IJanuary, 2012; II- December, 2012; III- May, 2013; IV- March, 2014) under this research activity in the project. From January 2014 to June 2014 total six field visits have been carried out on monthly basis in order to collect in-sit data and samples of water and soil from selected sampling sites. The submitted report includes the results of physicochemical parameters of water and soil and plankton analysis in which 210 plankton species were recorded.

2.4 PRESENT INTERIM REPORT WORK PERIOD: July 2013 to June 2014 

Sample collection & analysis: - Monthly basis sample collection and In-situ analysis.



Laboratory Analysis: - Ex-situ Analysis of collected sample.



Report writing: Preparation of monthly report submitted to the office.



The samples had not been collected from the islands during monsoon season due to rough sea and high wave action. Therefore, for four months (JulyOctober) of monsoon the samples have been collected from coastal sites only.



Result analysis has been done seasonally. Summer(March to June), Winter(November to February ) and Monsoon(July to october)

2.5 STUDY AREA The Gulf of Kachchh (22o15’ to 23o 40’ N & 68o 20’ to 70o 40’ E) is an east-west oriented indentation between Saurashtra and Kachchh peninsulas. The GoK is bordered by Kachchh district in North and Jamnagar district in south with Rajkot district covering a little portion of the Gulf, in its eastern side (ICMAAM, 2002). The coastal zone of GoK has medium semiarid to extremely arid climate in Kachchh district which is on the northern 9

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

periphery of gulf, has highest aridity in Gujarat whereas Jamnagar district, on the southern periphery of gulf has medium semiarid climatic condition. The annual mean rainfall of last 33 years has fluctuated from a range of 5 to 840 mm with mean of 326 mm. The temperature in the GoK goes to as high as 47oC during summers. Relative humidity varies from 30-99%. The climate is typically tropical and coastal. Geomorphologically the area shows that, sandy beaches characterize the northern part of the coast and the southern coastal region is demarcated by mudflats in the inter-tidal zones (Mehr, 1995). For present study, 17 sites have been selected on the basis of their ecological significance which is tabulated in Table-2.1.

Fig.-2.1: Study area and selected sampling sites

10

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Table-2.1: Sampling sites for biophysical study of GoK Sr. No

Name of Site

Name of District

Ecological Significance

1

Dwarka

Jamnagar

Field Station

2

Mandvi

Kachchh

Field Station

3

Okha

Jamnagar

Algae, molluscs, Coral

4

Poshitra

Jamnagar

Coral

5

Paga reef

Jamnagar

Coral

6

Boria reef

Jamnagar

Coral

7

Narara reef

Jamnagar

Coral & Mangroves

8

Kalubhar Island

Devbhoomi Dwarka

Coral

9

Goose reef

Jamnagar

Coral

10

Dedeka-Mundeka Island

Jamnagar

Mangroves

11

Pirotan Island

Jamnagar

Coral & Mangroves

12

Sikka creek

Jamnagar

Mangroves

13

Mundra creek

Kachchh

Mangroves & others

14

Jodiya creek

Jamnagar

Mangroves

15

Khijadiya bird sanctuary

Jamnagar

Birds important

16

Vavaniya creek

Rajkot

Mangroves

17

Surajbari Creek

Kachchh

Birds important

2.6METHODOLOGY The methodologies applied to carry out analysis of water, soil and plankton are as described in previous interim report. The codes for 17 sampling sites of GEER F and 5 of GEER-GPCB common sites are tabulated in Table-2.2 & Table-2.3. The soil samples are collected at each site during low tide and water samples are collected during high tide. 2.6.1 Plankton - Sample collection Seawater sample is collected from the surface with minimal disturbance and filtered with the help of 20 µ mesh size of plankton net. The amount of water filtered is measured through Flow Meter instrument. The final volume of the filtered sample is 250 ml and transferred to 250 ml plastic bottle and labeled with date and site of sampling.

11

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

2.6.2 Preservation The collected samples (250 ml plastic bottle) are preserved by adding 4 % Formaldehyde or Lugol’s Solution 2.6.2.1 Examine samples A Light Microscope with 10x and 40x objective lenses is examined for plankton diversity. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton: The qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton was done by Lackey's drop method. In Lackey's drop method, the cover-slip was placed over a drop of water in the slide and whole of the cover-slip was examined by parallel overlapping strips to count all the organisms in the drop. About 20 strips were examined in each drop. Number of subsamples to be taken was dependent on the examining 2 to 3 successive subsamples without any addition of unencountered species when compared to the already examined subsamples in the same sample (APHA, 1985). Table-2.2: List of Codes for Sites of GEER Foundation Sr. No.

Site Name

Code

No.

Site Name

Code

1

Paga

PA

10

Jodiya

JO

2

Boria

BO

11

Pirotan

PI

3

Okha

OK

12

Mandvi

MA

4

Poshitra

PO

13

Mundra

MU

5

Narara

NA

14

Khijadiya

KH

6

Sikka

SI

15

Surajbari

SU

7

Kalubhar

KA

16

Vavaniya

VA

8

Goose

GO

17

Dwarka

DW

9

Dedeka-Mundeka

DM

12

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Table-2.3: List of Codes for Sites of GEER- GPCB common sites Sr. No.

Sites Name

Code

1

Surajbari

SU

2

Mandvi Bandar

MB

3

Mundra Jetty

MJ

4

Sachana

SCH

5

Arambhda

AR

6

Rozi Port

RP

2.7 RESULT AND DISCUSSION: (Work Duration July 2013 to June 2014) I) WATER PARAMETERS Table-2.4: List of the parameters analyzed for water 1.

pH

2.

Acidity

3.

Temperature

4.

Alkalinity

5.

Conductivity

6.

Total Hardness

7.

Turbidity

8.

Ca Hardness

9.

Chlorides

10.

Mg Hardness

11.

Salinity

12.

Nitrite

13.

Dissolved Oxygen

14.

Phosphate

1. pH 8.1

8.30

7.9

8.10 7.90

7.7 7.70

Fig.-2.2 pH- Monsoon

7.50 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

7.5

Fig.-2.3 pH- Winter

13

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK 8.30 8.10 7.90 7.70

BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

7.50

Fig.-2.4 pH- Summer

BO

DM

GO

KA

NA

OK

PA

PI

PO

JO

MU

SI

8.00

7.96

7.94

7.91 7.62

7.85

7.95

7.85

7.92

8.02

8.04

8.03

8.00

7.99

8.03

8.00

8.40 8.20 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00

8.03

AVE

VA

KH

SU

DW

MA

SITES

Fig.-2.5 pH- Average

pH is known as the master variable in water since many properties, processes and reaction are pH dependent. The principal system that regulates pH in the sea water is carbonate system consisting of CO2, H2CO3, HCO3, salt content and alkalinity due to borates (Lower, 1999).Most of the natural seawaters are generally alkaline due to the presence of sufficient quantities of carbonate (Govindasamy, 2012). The above graph is showing pH range of one year i.e. 2013-2014 (July 13 to June 14) in which Paga (8.04) has the maximum average value and Poshitra (7.62) has the lowest average value of pH. The surface Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) gets changed showed an increasing trend with time due to changes in temperature, salinity and is influenced by the solar intensity & biological activity. pH remained alkaline throughout the study period at all the sites indicating the alkaline nature of the water. pH was low in Monsoon season due to the influence of fresh water influx, dilution of seawater, reduction of salinity and temperature. The high pH recorded in winter and summer season attributed to the influence of seawater penetration and high biological activity exemplified by the occurrence of photosynthetic activity (Das et al., 1997). The values obtained for pH at all the locations reflected little influence of season with slightly higher values during the dry seasons than the wet seasons in all the locations. Similar kind of seasonal variation was 14

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

also observed by Ladipo, 2011. 2. Temperature 36.00 36 32.00 oC

28

24.00

24

BO

N… O… P… PI P… J… M… SI V… K… S… D… M…

G…

20.00 B…

20

28.00

Fig.-2.6 Temperature – Monsoon

GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… MA

oC

32

Fig.-2.7 Temperature - Winter

36.00 32.00 oC

28.00

N… O… P… PI P… JO M… SI V… K… S… D… M…

G…

20.00

B…

24.00

Fig.-2.8 Temperature - summer

45.00

AVE

40.00

27.20

28.73

30.00

29.18

30.60

29.72

28.68

28.58

28.08

26.26

26.58

29.48

27.30

26.52

27.65

25.00

29.15

30.00

27.92

oC

35.00

20.00 15.00 BO DM GO KA

NA OK

PA

PI

PO

JO MU

SI

VA

KH

SU DW MA

SITES

Fig.-2.9 Temperature - Average 15

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Temperature is a primary abiotic factor, showing gradual increase during summer and simultaneous decrease in winter and this has a positive correlation with salinity as well as pH. In present study, the surface water temperature varied from 27.20 to 30.60oC during winter and summer seasons respectively. There is a steady increase in temperature from March to June, which peaked during May and low temperature is recorded during winter. All the stations showed similar trend with similar seasonal changes. Generally, surface water temperature is influenced by the intensity of solar radiation, evaporation, freshwater influx and cooling and mix up with ebb and flow from adjoining neritic waters (Govindasamy et al., 2000). A comparison of the average of surface-water temperature during the study period showed that the variations in temperature over the three different seasons were highly significant (Sarala Devi et al., 1979 and Beardall et al., 1998). Pillai, 2000 also observed more than 30oC temperature during his study in coastal and oceanic region of Arabian Sea. 3. Turbidity

200

120.00

80

80.00

40

40.00

0

0.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

160.00

120

Fig.-2.10 Turbidity-Monsoon

BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

200.00

160

Fig.-2.11 Turbidity-Winter

16

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK 200.00 160.00 120.00 80.00 40.00

BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

0.00

Fig.-2.12 Turbidity-Summer AVE

45.00

27.20

28.73

30.00

29.18

29.72

28.68

28.58

28.08

26.26

26.58

29.48

27.30

26.52

27.65

25.00

29.15

30.00

27.92

35.00

30.60

40.00

20.00 15.00 10.00 BO DM GO

KA

NA

OK

PA

PI

PO

JO MU

SI

VA

KH

SU DW MA

SITES

Fig.-2.13 Turbidity-Average Turbidity is often used as a general term to describe the lack of transparency or “cloudiness” of water due to the presence of suspended and colloidal materials such as clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, and plankton or other microscopic organisms (Wilson, 2010).Turbidity is affected by the dissolved and suspended matter concentration of the marine water. Moreover, its values runs in positive relation with the Total dissolved solids concentration of marine water. The turbidity was found to be the lowest at Pirotan (9.92) and the highest (215.69) was recorded at Surajbari. Sites which have accumulated or relatively stagnant water shows higher values of turbidity. So as the sites like Jodia, Vavaniya, Khijadiya, Surajbari have the high turbidity of the water. The water currents and dilution also has significant impact on the turbidity of water. The sites like Jodiya, Vavaniya and Surajbari are creek areas where water currents and the tidal influence are comparatively less which may have attributed to high turbidity values. Abnormal values of turbidity are usually due to discharge of water due to floating sediments carried by the river from catchment areas (Muduli & Panda, 2010).

17

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

75.00 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00 BO

GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… MA

mS

75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40

BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

mS

4. Conductivity

Fig.-2.15 Conductivity-Winter

Fig.-2.14 Conductivity-Monsoon

BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

mS

75.00 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00

Fig.-2.16 Conductivity-Summer

90.00

AVE

80.00

53.43

51.78

57.36

53.37

58.78

53.28

54.17

54.40

52.30

52.23

51.28

52.02

52.66

51.84

52.14

50.00

52.61

60.00 50.74

mS

70.00

40.00 30.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK

PA

PI

PO

JO MU

SI

VA KH

SU DW MA

SITES

Fig.-2.17 Conductivity- Average

18

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Electrical conductivity (EC) estimates the amount of total dissolved salts or the total amount of dissolved ions in the water. Suspended objects and the dissolved solids play and crucial role in the sea water conductivity. It also depends on the topography of the site. The maximum average value of conductivity was recorded at Vavaniya (84.85 mS) and minimum value at Surajbari (39.01 mS). The more total dissolved solids in water, particularly salts, the greater its electrical conductivity (Westbrook et al. 2006).The sites, which are islands and/or adjoined to the open sea shows less fluctuation in the conductivity values i.e. Paga, Boria, Kalubhar, Dwarka etc. Conductivity of the water is also related to the TDS, Turbidity & Suspended solids; which more or less remain constant in the open sea water and varies greatly at the creeks and other isolated region, which explains the wider fluctuation of the conductivity of the water at Vavaniya, Surajbari and Khijadiya sites. The values of Conductivity and TDS are directly proportional to each other and therefore the sites with high TDS values revealed higher values of conductivity.

75.00

65

65.00

55

55.00

45

45.00

ppt

75

35

35.00

25

25.00

15

Fig.-2.18 TDS - Monsoon

MA

SU

VA

MU

PO

PA

NA

GO

BO

MA

SU

VA

MU

PO

PA

NA

GO

15.00 BO

ppt

5. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Fig.-2.19 TDS -Winter

19

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

MA

SU

DW

KH

SI

VA

MU

JO

PO

PI

PA

OK

NA

GO

KA

BO

DM

ppt

75.00 65.00 55.00 45.00 35.00 25.00 15.00

Fig.-2.20 TDS - Summer AVE

80.00 70.00

26.86

28.60

33.68

28.97

34.04

29.11

28.90

29.72

28.77

32.82

29.09

30.23

28.45

20.00

28.63

30.00

29.41

40.00

31.81

50.00 34.80

ppt

60.00

10.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA

PI

PO

JO MU

SI

VA KH SU DW MA

SITES

Fig.-2.21 TDS – Average

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of surface water varied from 28.45 to 34.80 mg/l. As shown in the graph the highest concentration of TDS was found to be in summer season at all the sampling sites as compared to monsoon and winter season which might be attributed to high rate of evaporation which causes accumulation of salts especially in the creek areas. The higher values in summer may also due to fishery waste water inflow and high rate of evaporation. The present study results corroborates with the findings of Behera et al., 2014 who also reported peak in TDS concentration during Summer months for the samples collected from Mangroves ecosystem of Odisha. TDS is generally associated with inorganic salt and there is a close parallelism between TDS and conductivity. Gadhia, 2012 also reported higher TDS concentration during premonsoon and lower during monsoon. Similarly in present study, the mean values for the total dissolved solids (TDS) were higher in dry season than in the rainy season.

20

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

6. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

8.50 mg/L

7.5

8.00 7.50 7.00

6.5

6.50 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

7

BO

mg/L

8

Fig.-2.23 DO - Winter

Fig.-2.22 DO - Monsoon

mg/L

8.00 7.50

G…

B…

6.50

N… O… P… PI P… J… M… SI V… K… S… D… M…

7.00

Fig.-2.24 DO - Summer

AVE 9.00

7.74

7.62

7.51

7.62

7.31

7.00

7.26

7.42

7.40

7.65

7.64

7.79

7.63

7.65

7.81

7.62

7.50

7.66

8.00

7.78

mg/L

8.50

6.50 6.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA

PI

PO JO MU SITES

SI

VA KH SU DW MA

Fig.-2.25 DO – Average

21

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Dissolved oxygen is an important constituent of water, and its concentration in water is an indicator of prevailing water quality and ability of water body to support a wellbalanced aquatic life. However, in a dynamic coastal environment the impact is considerably lowered because of tidal action and turbulence (Pena, 2010). During present study variation in dissolved oxygen content was from 7.26 to 7.79 mg/l. It is well known that the temperature and salinity affect the dissolution of oxygen (Vijayakumar et al., 2000). In the present study, higher values of dissolved oxygen were recorded during monsoon months at most of the stations. Higher dissolved oxygen concentration observed during the monsoon season might be due to the cumulative effect of higher wind velocity joined with heavy rainfall and the resultant freshwater mixing (Das et al., 1997). Mitra et al. (1990) mainly attributed seasonal variation of dissolved oxygen to freshwater flow and terrigenous impact of sediments. The decrease in water temperature increased the solubility of oxygen in water as observed by Hutchinson (1975), Wong (1979) and Nedumaran et al. (2001). Further, significant inverse relationship between rainfall and nutrients indicated that freshwater flow constituted the main source of the nutrients in the mangroves. The increase in DO observed in monsoon season could be attributed to the input of DO-rich fresh water during the monsoon period (Sushanth & Rajashekhar, 2012).

Ex-situ parameters

Fig.-2.26 Alkalinity- Monsoon

300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00

B… D… G… K… N… O… P… PI P… J… M… SI V… K… S… D… M…

mg/l

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

B… D… G… KA N… O… PA PI P… JO M… SI V… K… SU D… M…

mg/L

7. Alkalinity

Fig.-2.27 Alkalinity- Winter

22

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

300.00 250.00 mg/L

200.00 150.00 100.00 0.00

B… D… G… K… N… O… P… PI P… JO M… SI V… K… S… D… M…

50.00

Fig.-2.28 Alkalinity - Summer

350.00

AVE

300.00

151.13

144.04

153.33

179.50

138.60

161.00

155.17

144.08

152.17

125.81

128.50

153.21

138.18

143.29

100.00

121.07

150.00

133.15

200.00 122.42

mg/L

250.00

50.00 0.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA

PI

PO

JO MU SI

VA KH SU DW MA

SITES

Fig.-2.29 Alkalinity – Average

Alkalinity determines the buffering capacity of water and is significant for aquatic life in a water system because it equilibrates the pH changes that occur naturally as a result of photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton (Kaushik & Saksena, 1989). In the present study the Alkalinity was found to be high during Monsoon season and low during summer season. The highest and lowest average concentration of Alkalinity was observed at Khijadiya and Goose with values 179.50 mg/L and 121.07 mg/L respectively. pH indicates the acidic or alkaline nature of water and during present study the value of pH was found to be higher during winter season which might be attributed to high values of the alkalinity in similar season.

23

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

8. Aciditys

100.00 100

80.00 mg/l

60 40

60.00 40.00 20.00

20

0.00 B D G K N O P P P J M S V K S D M

0

B… D… G… KA N… O… PA PI P… JO M… SI V… K… SU D… M…

mg/L

80

Fig.-2.30 Acidity- Monsoon

Fig.-2.31 Acidity - Winter

100.00

mg/L

80.00 60.00 40.00

0.00

BO D… GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… MA

20.00

BO DM GO KA NA OK PA

PI

PO

JO MU

SI

VA KH

46.83

55.58

66.83

65.17

64.00

60.42

52.33

56.75

55.92

51.88

47.00

46.83

50.83

55.14

55.25

AVE

51.33

160.00 140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00

49.08

mg/L

Fig.-2.32 Acidity - Summer

SU DW MA

SITES

Fig.-2.33 Acidity – Average

24

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

One of the most important components of the Chemical Perspective of Oceanography is the carbonate system, primarily because it controls the acidity of seawater and acts as a governor for the carbon cycle. Within the mix of acids and bases in the Earth-surface environment, the carbonate system is the primary buffer for the acidity of water, which determines the reactivity of most chemical compounds and solids. The carbonate system of the ocean plays a key role in controlling the pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which helps to regulate the temperature of the planet (Emerson and Hedges, Chemical Oceanography). As shown in the graph the Acidity was found to be high during summer season and low during Monsoon season. The highest value of Acidity was reported as 87.50 mg/L at Khijadiya and the lowest was reported as 34.25 mg/L at Mandvi in summer and winter season respectively.

10000.00

9000

9000.00

Fig.-2.34 T. Hardness - Monsoon

Fig.-2.35 T. Hardness - Winter

10000.00

8000.00 7000.00 6000.00

BO D… G… KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

mg/L

9000.00

Fig.-2.36 Total Hardness - Summer

25

M…

SU

VA

6000.00

M…

6000

PO

7000.00

BO

7000

PA

8000.00

NA

8000

G…

mg/L

10000

B… D… G… K… N… O… P… PI P… JO M… SI V… K… S… D… M…

mg/L

9. Total Hardness

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK AVE

12000.00 11000.00

7495.00

7514.17

8205.00

7395.00

8348.00

7548.33

7733.33

7651.67

7437.50

7461.25

7556.67

7396.67

7105.00

6000.00

7072.86

7000.00

7483.75

8000.00

7457.33

9000.00 7056.67

mg/L

10000.00

5000.00 BO DM GO KA

NA OK

PA

PI

PO JO MU SITES

SI

VA

KH

SU DW MA

Fig.-2.37 Total Hardness – Average 10. Calcium Hardness

2000.00

1500

mg/l

1500.00

500.00

500

BO D… GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

1000.00

1000

B D G K N O P P P J M S V K S D M

Fig.-2.39 Calcium H.- Winter

Fig.-2.38 Calcium H.- Monsoon

2000.00 1500.00 mg/L

mg/L

2000

1000.00 500.00 BO

GO

NA

PA

PO MU VA

SU

MA

Fig.-2.40 Calcium Summer

26

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK AVE

1211.79

1242.59

1464.75

1151.83

1364.80

1238.33

1305.50

1374.10

1307.42

1224.07

1218.00

1259.17

1243.48

1194.20

1000.00

1261.31

mg/L

1216.33

1500.00

1260.06

2000.00

500.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA

PI

PO JO MU SI SITES

VA KH SU DW MA

Fig.-2.41 Calcium – Average 11. Magnesium Hardness 7000.00 6500.00 7000 mg/l

6000.00

6000

5500.00

8000.00 7500.00 7000.00 6500.00 6000.00 5500.00 5000.00

M…

SU

VA

M…

PO

PA

NA

BO

Fig.-2.43 Magnesium H.- Winter

BO D… GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

mg/L

Fig.-2.42 Magnesium H.- Monsoon

M…

S…

V…

M…

P…

P…

N…

5000.00 G…

5000

G…

5500 B…

mg/L

6500

Fig.-2.44 Magnesium Summer

27

6283.46

6271.75

6696.50

6220.42

6983.20

6310.00

6350.75

6277.67

6130.29

6237.31

5887.08

6297.75

6153.25

5878.71

6223.94

6196.04

10000.00 9500.00 9000.00 8500.00 8000.00 7500.00 7000.00 6500.00 6000.00 5500.00 5000.00 4500.00 4000.00

5840.50

mg/L

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

AVE

BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA SITES

Fig.-2.45 Magnesium – Average Hardness in water is caused by dissolved minerals, primarily divalent cations, including calcium, iron, strontium, zinc and manganese. Calcium and magnesium ions are usually the only ions present in significant concentrations; therefore, hardness is generally considered to be a measure of the calcium and magnesium content of water (William).After Na+, the two most abundant cations in seawater are Ca2+ and Mg2+. Ultimately, the Ca and Mg derive from the weathering of rocks on the continents, which rivers then sweep to the sea. It is a curious fact that much of the ocean is actually supersaturated with respect to the precipitation of CaCO3.Calcium is the most important divalent salt in fish culture water. In present study the Total hardness value ranges from 5200 to 11380 mg/L, Calcium from 735 to 2100 mg/L and Magnesium from 4360 to 9469 mg/L during one year of period. The value of magnesium was found to be higher than that of Calcium which might be attributed to the composition of parent rock in GoK. 12. Chloride 40.00

30

30.00 20.00

10

10.00

BO D… G… KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

20

Fig.-2.46 Chloride - Monsoon

BO D… G… KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

ppt

ppt

40

Fig.-2.47 Chloride - Winter

28

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

40.00

ppt

30.00

10.00

BO D… G… KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

20.00

Fig.-2.48 Chloride - Summer

AVE 40.00

22.57

22.54

25.49

23.30

27.28

23.01

25.21

23.01

23.11

21.77

22.52

23.47

22.49

22.34

20.00

22.89

25.00

22.69

ppt

30.00

25.86

35.00

15.00 10.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK

PA

PI

PO

JO MU

SI

VA

KH

SU DW MA

SITES

Fig.-2.49 Chloride – Average The Chloride was found to be high during summer season and low during monsoon season. Chloride contents tend to vary inversely to the rate of flow of water (Amita Sarkar & Bhavna Upadhyay, 2013). The chlorides, in high concentration, indicate presence of organic matter (Dhanpakiam et al., 1999). The concentration of chloride was found to be highest during summer season at Vavaniya (33.91 ppt) whereas the lowest value was recorded at Khijadiya (18.48) in Monsoon season. The value of chloride was higher during pre- monsoon which might be due to high salinity, tidal flow and less fresh water mixing. Low value was during monsoon season due to rain and more mixing of fresh water from river (M. Gadhia et al., 2012). In the present study maximum value of chloride occurred in summer. Similar results were reported by Swaranlatha & Narsing Rao, 1998. The average value of Chloride was maximum at sites like Jodiya, Vavaniya, Surajbari etc. which are creek areas which might

29

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

be due to less water flow and stagnant condition of water.

60.00

50

50.00

40

40.00

30

30.00

20

20.00

10

10.00

B… D… G… K… N… O… P… PI P… JO M… SI V… K… S… D… M…

ppt

60

BO D… G… KA N… OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

ppt

13. Salinity

Fig.-2.51 Salinity - Winter

Fig.-2.50 Salinity-Monsoon

60.00

ppt

50.00 40.00 30.00 10.00

BO D… G… KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

20.00

BO DM GO KA NA OK

PA

PI PO SITES

JO MU

SI

VA

KH

37.55

37.19

42.06

38.45

45.01

37.97

40.68

42.67

37.97

38.13

35.92

36.85

38.73

37.11

36.87

AVE

37.76

65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00

37.44

ppt

Fig.-2.52 Salinity - Summer

SU DW MA

Fig.-2.53 Salinity – Average

30

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Salinity is the indicator of freshwater incursion in the near shore coastal water as well as extrusion of tidal water in inland water bodies. Salinity influences several processes such as dissolution, dispersion, dilution in seawater due to high dissolved salt content and higher density. Salinity acts as a limiting factor in the distribution of living organisms, and its variation caused by dilution and evaporation is most likely to influence the fauna in the intertidal zone(Gibson, 1982). The large variation of air and water temperature and scanty rainfall, makes the GoK a high saline water body (Kunte, 2003). The salinity was found to be high during summer season and low during monsoon season. The water salinity and chloride revealed positive correlation with each other which is depicted in the graph, as both the parameters showed higher values in summer followed by winter and monsoon. The maximum concentration of salinity was observed at Vavaniya (55.96 ppt) whereas the minimum was reported at Khijadiya (30.49 ppt) during summer and monsoon season respectively. The recorded higher values could be attributed to the lower rainfall, higher rate of evaporation and also due to neritic water dominance. Kunte (2003) also observed high salinity (50 ppt) in numerous creeks of the little Gulf ofKachchh during dry season. The minimum salinity was presumable due to the influence of heavy rainfall and large quantity of freshwater inflow. Similar trends in Salinity was recorded by Kannan and Kannan (1996); Balasubramanium and Kannan (2005); Sridhar et al. (2006); Asha and Diwakar (2007).

Nutrients

3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

mg/L

14. Nitrate

Fig.-2.54 Nitrate - summer The high content of inorganic nitrogen species may be attributed to the decomposition of organic matter in the area. The wind movement of is an important factor, influencing the discharge of drainage of water containing nitrogen compound. Nitrate nitrogen is one of the most important indicators of pollution of water which represents the highest oxidized form of nitrogen. Another possible entry of nitrate is through oxidation of ammonia form of nitrogen to nitrite and then consequently nitrates and excretion of living organism (Rajasagar, 2003).

31

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

In present study the highest value of nitrate was reported at site Khijadiya(2.59 ppm) and the lowest was recorded at Boria (0.43 ppm) as shown in the graph.

0.400

0.600

0.300 mg/L

0.800

M…

SU

BO

Fig.-2.55 Nitrite - Winter

VA

0.000

M…

0.000

PO

0.100 PA

0.200

NA

0.200

GO

0.400

BO D… GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO M… SI VA KH SU D… M…

mg/L

15. Nitrite

Fig.-2.56 Nitrite - Summer

In present work, the concentration of nitrite was the maximum in winter at Sikka and the minimum was in summer at Narara as presented in above graph.Higher Nitrate value concomitant with low nitrite could have resulted from nitrification (Meera&Bijoy, 2010). Higher value of nitrite is associated with oxidation of ammonia and reduction of nitrate, recycling of Nitrogen and bacterial decomposition of plankton detritus (Mathew and Pillai, 1990). 16. Phosphate Fig.-2.58 Phosphate-Summer 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 BO DM GO KA NA OK PA PI PO JO MU SI VA KH SU DW MA

mg/L MA

SU

VA

MU

PO

PA

NA

GO

BO

mg/L

Fig.-2.57 Phosphate - Winter 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00

Phosphate concentration in coastal waters depend upon its concentration in the freshwater that mixed with the seawater within the sea-land interaction zone, phytoplankton-uptake addition through localized upwelling, and replenishment as a result of microbial decomposition of organic matters (Paytan and Mclaughlin, 2007). Phosphate constitutes the most important inorganic nutrient that can limit the phytoplankton production in tropical costal marine ecosystems and thereby the overall ecological processes (Cole and Sanford, 1989).

32

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

In present study the at most of the sites the concentration of phosphate was found to be higher in winter months as compared to summer. However, the highest concentration was recorded in summer at sites like Mundra, Vavaniya, Khijadiya and Surajbari. II) SOIL PARAMETERS Table-2.5: List of parameters analyzed for soil 1. pH

2. Soil Texture

3. Bulk Density

4. Particle Density

5. Organic Carbon & Organic matter

6. Moisture Content

1) pH AVE

7.47

7.33

7.46

7.36

7.54

7.47

7.37

7.00

7.33

7.35

7.51

8.00

7.60

9.00

6.00 MA

PO

NA

KA

DM

PI

SI

KH

JO

VA

SU

SITES

Fig.-2.59 Soil pH- Average The graph shows the pH of the soil of the individual sites. The pH value ranged between 6.39 to 8.42 during the assessment period of July 2013 to June 2014 which coincide with the research carried out by Saravanakumar, 2008; pH of the soil ranged between 6.25 to 8.45. The maximum value was recorded at Mandvi (pH 8.42) the least pH was observed at Pirotan (pH 6.39). In tropical countries like India, form the month of July to October is dominated by rainy season. Rain water plays an important role in the pH of the Coastal soil. According to the Ramnathan, 1997, “The sediment pH was high in summer and low in monsoon possibly due to redox changes in the sediments and water column apart from the influence of freshwater.” In contrast the high (Basic) pH of the soil samples was recorded in monsoon and low (acidic) pH in summer in the present study. pH fluctuation is mainly the function of seasonal variation. In rainy season it represents high (Basic) pH, could be the result of dilution by influx of rainwater. 33

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

2) Soil Texture Vavaniya

Mandvi

1% 1%

35% SAND

SAND

50%

CLAY

CLAY

SILT

SILT 15%

98%

Surajbari

Jodiya

32%

28%

SAND

47%

SAND

CLAY SILT

CLAY 9%

63%

SILT

21%

Sikka

Khijadiya 18%

26%

8%

SAND 17%

57%

SAND

CLAY SILT

CLAY 74%

SILT

Poshitra

Pirotan

23% 37%

47%

SAND 62%

15%

CLAY

SAND CLAY

SILT

SILT 16%

34

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Kalubhar

DM 32%

34%

44%

44%

SAND CLAY SILT

22%

SAND CLAY SILT

24%

Narara 25% SAND

14%

61%

CLAY SILT

Fig.-2.60 Soil Texture (% composition of Soil; July 2013 to Jun3 2014) In current research 11 sites have been selected which represent the GoK, for analyzing the soil condition of the GoK. Geographically, the northern part of the GoK is represented by the site Mandvi, Surajbari & Vavaniya creeks at the head of the GoK, whereas the southern part of GoK represents the coastal sites like Jodiya, Sikka, Khijadiya and Poshitra and island such as Dedeka Mundeka (DM), Kalubhar, Narara& Pirotan. Present understanding (Nair et al. 1982; Chauhan 1994; Kunte et al. 2003; Chauhan et al. 2006; Prizomwala et al. 2012) reveals that currents enter the gulf from the western through long shore current and travel predominantly along the northern coast of GoK until they reach the central part. Because of the shallower depth and the change in orientation of the central GoK, the currents are deflected towards north and thereafter, they are reversed from the head of the gulf. From here the currents travel along the southern coast of GoK towards west and exit the mouth of GoK at Okha. The increase in sand content along the southern coast of the inner GoK is caused by the presence of a few ephemeral rivers in the vicinity namely, Aji, Machchhu and Demi. The southern mouth of the GoK shows an increase in silt content with a decrease in the amount of clay but an increase in the amount of sandy sediments towards the west i.e., Okha and Pindara(Prizomwala S.P. et al, 2004). 35

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Due to the action and direction of the current in the GoK and the role of some ephemeral rivers, proportion of the sand content is higher in the Northern part of the Gulf as compared to the southern part. Soil of the Mandvi site, which is at the northern part of the GoK, has the highest sand proportion. Minimum sand content in the soil was found at Khijadiya, could be due to the fresh water influx and sedimentation through it. On its way out of the Gulf along the southern coast, the water current gradually become devoid of the suspended materials and does not affect the soil characteristics at greater extent. Erosional effects by high wind velocity and wave actions are the factors responsible for the high sand fraction of the soil at the Islands like Pirotan, DM, Kalubhar, & Narara. 3) Bulk Density AVE 2.50

0.36

0.34

0.42

0.52

0.46

0.55

0.54

0.37

0.50

0.50

1.00

0.74

1.50 0.72

gm/cc

2.00

0.00 MA

PO

NA

KA

DM

PI

SI

KH

JO

VA

SU

SITES

Fig.-2.61 Soil Bulk Density – Average Bulk density of soil samples vary between 0.17 to 0.74 g/cm3. The bulk density of soil depends greatly on the mineral make up of soil and the degree of compaction. Highest bulk density was found at DM (0.74 g/cm3) and the lowest at Surajbari & Mandvi (0.17). It is also affected by the sedimentation. The wave action that carry sediments and deposit on the coast play vital role in soil composition and compaction. Bulk density is dependent on soil organic matter, soil texture, the density of soil mineral (sand, silt, and clay) and their packing arrangement. Fine textured surface soils such as silt loams, clays and clay loams generally have higher bulk densities than sandy soils. Higher bulk density at the DM indicates low pore space in the soil; compacted soil. Low bulk density of soils of Surajbari & Mandvi indicates soil having more pore spaces; loosely bind soil. Large fluctuation in the bulk density of the soil at DM indicates the temporal deposition of the sediments.

36

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 MA

NA

KA

DM

PI

SI

KH

JO

2.03

1.93

2.13

1.96

2.08

1.79

1.83

1.76

1.89 PO

2.10

AVE

2.31

g/cm3

4) Particle Density

VA

SU

SITES

Fig.-2.62 Soil particle Density Particle density value ranged between 1.00 (Surajbari) to 3.59 g/cm3 (Mandvi). It is the density of the particles that make up the soil and it does not depend on the degree of the compaction of soil. The particle density is higher if large amount of heavy minerals such as magnetite; limonite and hematite are present in the soil. With increase in organic matter of the soil the particle density decreases. Particle density is also termed as true density. Oscillation in the particle density of the soil is mainly governed by the sedimentation. The characteristics property of the sediments defines the particle density. 5) Organic Carbon and Organic Matter 2.50

AVE

0.64

0.85

0.85

0.83

0.75

0.50

1.00

0.79

0.58

1.00

1.01

1.28

1.50 %

1.19

2.00

0.00 MA

PO

NA

KA

DM

PI

SI

KH

JO

VA

SU

SITES

Fig.-2.63 Soil Organic Carbon – Average

37

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK AVE 6.00 5.00

1.37

1.24

1.43

1.61

2.10

1.46

1.00

1.47

0.87

2.00

1.84

2.48

% 3.00

2.28

4.00

0.00 MA

PO

NA

KA

DM

PI

SI

KH

JO

VA

SU

SITES

Fig.-2.64: Soil Organic Matter – Average Minimum organic carbon content was found at Vavaniya (0.08) and maximum at DM (2.18). Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the carbon associated with soil organic matter. Soil organic matter is the organic fraction of the soil that is made up of decomposed plant and animal materials as well as microbial organisms, but does not include fresh and undecomposed plant materials. Main source of soil organic carbon and matter is litter. Soil organic carbon gives nature of the soil composition. Sandy soil holds very less organic matter as compared to the clay soil. Sites which are islands have invariably sandy beaches and thus soil of such sites is less in organic carbon and organic matter content. This means that environmental change can be indicated by SOM values that fall outside that typical range. Values below the bottom of a range indicate increasing aridity and land degradation, whereas values above the top of the range indicate improvements in soil structural stability and the soil water regime. (Sarah and Hanoch, 2000)The organic matter content in the soil expresses the relationships between the sources of organic materials and the decomposing factors (soil biota) (Greenland and Nye, 1959).

38

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

MA

PO

NA

KA

DM

PI

SI

KH

JO

VA

32.78

34.04

33.41

49.93

43.12

57.95

42.75

49.13

65.56

71.67

AVE

100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

17.39

%

6) Moisture Content

SU

SITES

Fig.-2.65: Soil Moisture Content- Average Soil of the Pirotan has the highest moisture content (57.95%) and soil of Mandvi has the least moisture content (17.39%). Soil moisture is a major control on many hydrological processes, especially runoff generation, soil evaporation & plant transpiration. Climate is however one of the major control on soil moisture dynamic and its variability can have very important impacts, especially during the warm season, when soil water content is the result of the balance between precipitation input and enhanced evapotranspiration losses (Longobardi A., 2008). The diurnal and seasonal variation of the soil moisture was analyzed and it is found low during the dry season and high during the rainy season (Roxy M.S. et al, 2008), which is also true in reference to the present study. III) Plankton Results The study area has diversified plankton community (299 species), that included 248 Phytoplankton and 51 Zooplankton forms. Table-2.6 Plankton recorded in the Gulf of Kachchh Plankton - Groups

Family

Order

Genus

Species

Phytoplankton

53

53

77

248

Zooplankton

24

24

29

51

39

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

 Species richness of plankton The phytoplanktons analyzed were assigned to major group’s viz. diatoms, dinoflagellates, blue green algae and green algae. Six (6) species of phytoplankton were found at all the selected sites for the sea water monitoring f intertidal areas of the GOK i.e. Coscinodiscus sp, Navicula sp, Nitzschia sp, Pleurosigmanormanii, Surirellafastousa, and Cylindrothecaclosterium. Some species recorded at most of the sites except 2 or 3 sites, i.e. Cocconiessp., Thalassionemanitzschiodes, Ditylumbrightwellii, Gramatophora oceanic, Licmophorasp., Odontellamobiliensis, Tetraedronsp., and Thalassiosiraeccentric. 13 species of phytoplankton are under the taxonomical identification. Out of 248 Phytoplankton of which most dominant was Diatoms types (Bacillariophyceae – 190 species) in the present study, similar kind of result was observed in the GoK (Saravanakumaret al, 2008; Shraddhaojha, 2011). Zooplankton plays an important role in the productivity of marine environment. They serve as a primary food source for fish, fish larvae, ceplalopods and many other organisms. The copepode fauna which occupies 70% of the total zooplankton has very important place in the productivity of fish (Ahmet Nuri Tarkan at el, 2005). In the present study,GenusCopepod is the only species which is recorded at 11 sites followed by Bivalve larvae, Cyclopoid copepod, Herpactocoid copepod which recorded at 7 - 8 selected sites of GoK. 80 70

No of Species

60

67

67 59

65

64 53

61 50

51

51

50

44

41

40 30

23

28

32

35

38

20 10 0 GO DM

PI

KA NA PO

PA BO OK DW MA MU VA

SU

JO

KH

SI

Sites

Fig.-2.66: Phytoplankton species diversity of selected sites of GoK (GEER Sites)

40

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Fig.-2.67 shows that the highest plankton diversity recorded at Goose and Pirotan sites followed by Poshitra>Kalubhar> Okha> DM >Narara>Dwarka & Boria>Paga> Mandvi >Mundra> Sikka > Khijadiya > Jodiya > Surajbari > Vavaniya. Among all the sites highest number of phytoplankton diversity observed at Pirotan and Poshitra, lowest at Vavaniya. The phytoplankton species recorded highest at the Goose which is one of the recipient sites for Coral Transplantation under ICZMP. The above mentioned result shows higher diversity of plankton due to their ecological significance. 12 10 No of Species

10 8 8

7 6

7

7

6

7 6

7

7

6

6 4 4

3

3 2

2

1

0 GO DM

PI

KA

NA PO

PA

BO

OK DW MA MU VA

SU

JO

KH

SI

Sites

Fig.2.67: Zooplankton species diversity of selected sites of GoK (GEER Sites) From Fig.-2.68, it is clearly observed that the highest plankton diversity recorded at the Narara followed by Goose >Kalubhar, Poshitra, Sikka, Mundra, Okha and Jodiya > DM, Pirotan, Dwarka and Mandvi >Boriya> Khijadiya and Vavaniya> Surajbari >Paga. Among all the sites highest number of phytoplankton diversity observed at Narara and lowest at Paga. Diversity of phytoplankton recorded higher than zooplankton.

41

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK 60

54

No of Species

50

44 39

38

40 30 20

16 8

10 0 SU

MB

MJ

SCH

AR

RP

Sites

Fig.-2.68: Phytoplankton species diversity of 6 selected sites of GoK (GEER-GPCB common sites) From the graph it is clearly observed that the highest plankton diversity recorded at the Arambhda>Sachana>Rozi Port > Mandvi Bandar > Surajbari >Mundra Jetty. Among all the sites highest number of phytoplankton diversity observed at Arambhda and lowest at Mundra Jetty. Diversity of phytoplankton recorded higher than zooplankton. 10

9

9

No of Species

8 7

6

6 5

4

4 3

3 2

2

1

1 0 SU

MB

MJ

SCH

AR

RP

Sites

Fig.2.69: Zooplankton diversity at 6 selected sites of GEER-GPCB in the GoK From the graph it is clearly observed that the highest plankton diversity recorded at Arambhda>Rozi Port > Mandvi Bandar >Mundra Jetty > Surajbari >Sachana. Among all 42

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

the sites highest number of phytoplankton diversity observed at Arambhda and lowest at Sachana. Diversity of phytoplankton recorded higher than zooplankton Composition of Plankton

Species

233

Genus

77

Order

53

Family

53 0

50

100

150

200

250

Fig.2.70: Composition of Phytoplankton A total of 53 families of phytoplankton recorded from the GoK of which belong to 77 genera and 233 species.

Species

47

Genus

29

Order

24

Family

24 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Fig.2.71: Composition of Zooplankton A total of 24 families of phytoplankton were recorded from the GoK (Till September 2013) of which belong to 29 genera and 47 species. There are 4 species of Zooplankton are under taxonomical identification. 43

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Table-2.7: List of Recorded species of Phytoplankton SN 1

Family Achnanthaceae

Order

Achnanthales

Genus Achnanthes

Species Achnanthesbrevipes Achnanthessp Achnanthestaeniata

2

Asterolampraceae

Asterolamprales

Akinsthrodesmus

Asteromphalussp

3

Bacillariaceae

Bacillariales

Bacillaria

Bacillariapaxillifera Bacillaria Sp.

Cylindrotheca

Cylindrothecaclosterium

Nitzschia

Nitzschialongissima Nitzschiasicula Nitzschiaacicularis Nitzschiaamericana Nitzschiabicapitata Nitzschiaclosterium Nitzschiacoarctata Nitzschiadirecta Nitzschialorenziana Nitzschiapalea Nitzschiapanduriformis Nitzschiaparadoxa Nitzschiapendifor Nitzschiaphonticra Nitzschiascapeliformis Nitzschia sigma Nitzschiasigmoidea Nitzschiasp 1 Nitzschiasp 2 Nitzschiasp 3 Nitzschi avar rostata Nitzschiavivex

44

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK SN

Family

Order

Genus Pseudonitzschia

Species Pseudo- nitzschiaseriata Pseudo- nitzschiaturgidula Pseudoguinardia recta Pseudo-nitschiasp Pseudo-nitzschiadelicatissima Pseudo-nitzschiafraudulenta Pseudo-nitzschiaheimii Pseudo-nitzschiaseriata Pseudo-nitzschiasp Pseudo-nitzschiasubpacifica Pseudo-nitzschiaturgidula

4

Biddulphiaceae

Biddulphiales

Biddulphia

Biddulphiasp

5

Calciodinelloideae

Peridiniales

Scrippsiella

Scrippsiellatrochoidea

6

Catenulaceae

Amphor

Amphora cf. turgida Amphora ostrearia Amphora sp Amphora spectabilis

7

Ceratiaceae

Gonyaulacales

Ceratium

Ceratiumdeclinatum Ceratiumfurca Ceratiumsp

8

Chaetocerotaceae

Chaetocerotanaeincertaesedis

Chaetoceros

Chaetocerosaequatorialis Chaetoceroscurvisetum Chaetocerosdecipiens Chaetocerosdensus/ aequatorialis Chaetoceroslaciniosus Chaetoceroslorenzianus Chaetocerosmitra Chaetocerosperuvianus Chaetoceros simplex Chaetocerossp

45

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK SN

Family

Order

Genus

Species Chaetocerostenuissimus

9 10

Climacospheniaceae

Climacospheniales

Climacosphenia

Climacospheniamoniltgera

Closteriaceae

Zygnematales

Closterium

Closteriumnavicula Closteriumsp

11

Cocconeidaceae

Achnanthales

Cocconeis

Cocconeissp

12

Corethraceae

Corethrales

Corethron

Corethroncriophilum Corethroninerme

13

Coscinodiscaceae

Coscinodiscales

Coscinodiscus

Coscinodiscuscentralis Coscinodiscusgranii Coscinodiscusmarginatus Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Coscinodiscuspavillardii Coscinodiscusperforatus Coscinodiscusradiatus Coscinodiscussp 1 Coscinodiscussp 2 Coscinodiscusstellaris Coscinodiscuswailesii

14

Cymbellaceae

Cymbellales

Cymbella

Cymbella n villaformis Cymbellasp

15

Diniferaceae

16

Diploneidaceae

Naviculales

Noctiluca

Noctilucasp

Diploneis

Diploneissmithii Diploneissp Diploneissurirella Diploneisweissflogii

17

Fragilariaceae

Fragilariales

Asterionellopsis

Asterionellopsisglacialis Asterionellopsissp

Diatom

Diatom vulgare

Fragilaria

Fragilariasp

Syndera

Synderacrystallina Synedrasp

46

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK SN

Family

Order

Genus

Species Synedra ulna

Synedropsis

Synedropsishyperborea

18

Gomphonemataceae

Cymbellales

Gomphonema

Gomphonemasp

19

Goniodomataceae

Gonyaulacales

Alexandrium

Alexandriumconcavum Alexandriuminsuetum Alexandriumsp

20

Heliopeltaceae

Coscinodiscales

Actinophychus

Actinoptychussp

21

Hemiaulaceae

Hemiaulales

Eucampia

Eucampiasp

Cerataulina

Cerataulinabicornis Cerataulinapelagica

22

Hydrodictyaceae

Sphaeropleales

Pediastrum

Pediastrumsp

Tetraedronsp

Tetraedronsp Tetraedrontribobulatum Tetraedrontrigonium

23

Isochrysidaceae

Isochrysidales

Isochrysis

Isochrysissp

24

Leptocylindraceae

Leptocylindrales

Leptocylindrus

Leptocylindrusdanicus Leptocylindrusminimus

25

Licmophoraceae

Licmophorales

Licmophora

Licmophoraabbreviata Licmophoraehrenbergii Licmophoraflabellata Licmophora sp1 Licmophora sp2

26

Lithodesmiaceae

Lithodesmiales

Ditylum

Ditylumbrightwellii Ditylum sp.

27

Lyrellaceae

Lyrellales

Helicotheca

Helicothecatamesa

Lithodesmium

Lithodesmiumundulatum

Lyrella

Lyrellaatlantica Lyrellaclavata Lyrellahennedyi Lyrellasp

28

Mastogloiaceae

Mastogloiales

Mastogloia

Mastogloiadecussata

47

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK SN

Family

Order

Genus

Species Mastogloiasp

29

Melosiraceae

Melosirales

Melosira

Melosiraarctica Melosira distance Melosiranummaloides Melosirasp

30

Naviculaceae

Naviculales

Haslea

Hasleasp Hasleawawrihae

Meuniera

Meunieramembranacea Meunierasp

Navicula

Naviculabottinica Naviculadelicatula Naviculadistans Naviculagranii Naviculasp 1 Naviculasp 2 Naviculatransitrans Naviculavanhoeffenii

Trachyneis

Trachyneisantillarium Trachyneisaspera

31

Nostocaceae

Nostocales

Aphanizomenon

Aphanizomenonsp

Nodularia

Nodulariasp

32

Oscillatoriaceae

Oscillatoriales

Oscillatoria

Oscillatoriasp

33

Paraliaceae

Paraliales

Paralia

Paraliasulcata

34

Plagiotropidaceae

Naviculales

Manguinea

Manguineafusiformis

35

Pleurosigmataceae

Naviculales

Gyrosigma

Gyrosigmadiminatum

Pleurosigma

Pleurosigma cf. elongatum Pleurosigmaclongata Pleurosigmadirectum Pleurosigma diverse-striatum Pleurosigmaformosum Pleurosigmajalcatum

48

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK SN

Family

Order

Genus

Species Pleurosigmanormanii Pleurosigmasimonsenii

36

Prorocentraceae

Prorocentrales

Prorocentrum

Prorocentrumbalticum Prorocentrumcompressum Prorocentrummicans Prorocentrumnicano Prorocentrumsp

37

Protoperidiniaceae

Peridiniales

Protoperidinium

Protoperidiniumdivergens Protoperidiniumgrande Protoperidiniumgrande Protoperidiniumsp

38

Rhizosoleniaceae

Rhizosoleniales

Dactyliosolen

Dactyliosolenfragilissimus

Guinardia

Guinardiadelicatula Guinardiaflaccida Guinardiasp Guinardiastriata

Rhizosolenia

Rhizosoleniaalata Rhizosolenia cf. pungens Rhizosoleniafallax Rhizosoleniaformosa Rhizosoleniahebetata Rhizosoleniaimbricata Rhizosoleniaostenfeldii Rhizosoleniasetigera Rhizosoleniashrubsolei Rhizosoleniasp Rhizosoleniastraita Rhizosoleniastyliformis

39

Rivulariaceae

Nostocales

Rivulariasp

Rivulariasp

40

Scenedesmoidea

Sphaeropleales

Scenedesmus

Scenedesmussp

41

Selenastraceae

Sphaeropleales

Akinstrodesmus

Akinstrodesmussp

49

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK SN 42

Family Skeletonemataceae

Order

Thalassiosirales

Genus Skeletonema

Species Skeletonemacostatum Skeletonemasp

43

Spirulinaceae

Chroococcales

Spirulina

Spirulinameneghiniana Spirulinasp

44

Striatellaceae

Striatellales

Straitella

Straitellasp Striatellaunipunctata

Grammatophora

Grammatophoraoceanica Grammatophora marina

45

Stephanodiscaceae

Thalassiosirales

Cyclotella

Cyclotellasp Cyclotellastriata

46

Stephanopyxidaceae

Melosirales

Lioloma

Liolomasp

Stephanopyxis

Stephanopyxisnipponica Stephanopyxisturris

47

Surirelloids

Entomoneis

Entomoneissp Entomoneissulcata

48

Surirellaceae

Surirellales

Surirella

Surirellafastuosa

49

Thalassionemataceae

Thalassionematales

Thalassionema

Thalassionemabacillare Thalassionemanitzschiodes Thalassionemasp

50

Thalassiosiraceae

Thalassiosirales

Thalassiothrix

Thalassiothrixlongissima

Planktoniella

Planktoniellablanda

Thalassiosira

Thalassioserapunctigera Thalassiosiraeccentrica Thalassiosiraoceanica Thalassiosiraoestrupii var. venrickae Thalassiosiraporoseriata Thalassiosirasp

51

Tribonemataceae

Tribonematales

Tribonema

Tribonemamicrospora

52

Triceratiaceae

Triceratiales

Triceratium

Triceratiumalternans Triceratium cf. broeckii

Odontella

Odontellaaurita

50

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK SN

Family

Order

Genus

Species Odontellamobiliensis Odontellaregia Odontellasinensis Odontellasp Odontellaweiliensis Odontellaweistiogil Odontellawessiflogi

53

Zygnemataceae

Zygnematales

Mougeotia

Mougeotiasp

Spirogyra

Spirogyra sp

Cyperis

Cyperis sp

Donkinia

Donkinia sp

Oprphyra

Oprphyra sp Pyrocystispseudoncitula Steromaphulussp Tabelleus sp. Ulothrixaugulis Planktonemasp Hemiaulussp Lauderiaannulata

51

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Table-2.8: List of Recorded species of Zooplankton Sr. No.

Family

Order

Genus

Species

1

Archaeobalanidae Sessilia

2

Caligidae

Siphonostomatoida

Caligus

Caligus elongatum

3

Brachionidae

Ploima

Brachionus

Branchionous sp

4

Calanidae

Semibalanus balanoides

Calanoida

Copepod sp Copepode nauplius Crustacean nauplius larvae Crustacean nupulli Crustacean larvae Caloniod copepod Nupulious larvae

5

Codonellidae

Choreotrichida

Tintinnopsis

Tintinnopsis

Cyclopidae

Cyclopoida

Cyclops

Cyclopes sp

Macrocyclops

Macrocyclops fuscus

7

Daphniidae

Cladocera

Daphnia

Daphnia

8

Diaptomidae

Calanoida

Diaptomus

Diaptomus minutus

Ectinosomatidae

Harpacticoida

Microsetella

Microstella sp

10

Eucalanidae

Calanoida

Eucalanus

Eucalanus elongatus

11

Euchaetidae

Calanoida

Euchaeta

Euchaeta indica wolfenden

Harpacticoida

Herpactocoid

Herpactocoid copepod

Herpactocoid

Harpacticoid

Tigriopus

Tigriopus sp Lecane sp

6

9

12 Harpacticidae

13

Harpacticoida

Microstella stepanil

Lecanidae

Ploima

Lecane

Longipediidae

Harpacticoida

Longipedia

15

Miraciidae

Harpacticoida

Distioculus

Miraciidae

16

Oweniidae

Oweniida

Owenia

Owenia fusiformis

17

Portunidae

Decapoda

Portunus

Portunus pelagicus

14

18

Scolecitrichidae

Calanoida

Longipedia calus Longipedia sp

Scolecithriella Scolecithriella sp Scolecithrix

Scolecithrix sp 52

Bio-Physical Monitoring of the GoK

Sr. No.

Family

Order

Genus

Species

19

Temoridae

Calanoida

Epischura

Epischiria lacustris

20

Thecostraca

Maxillopoda

Cirripedia

Barnecle (Larvae)

21

Tintinnidae

Choreotrichida

Tintinnida

Tintinnida sp

22

Veneridae

Veneroida

Paphia

Paphia

23

Xolalgidae

Monophragmophora

24

Xystonellidae

Choreotrichida

Bivalva veligar Parafavella

Parafavella Bivalva veligar Bivalve (Larvae) Chaetognatha sp Cyclopoid copepod Cyclopoid sp Forminiferan Molluscus larva Nemetoda sp. Rotifer sp Trochophora polychate larvae Veliger (Larvae)

Note: 9 months samples for planktons are yet to be analyzed.

53

Chapter – 3 Survey of Coastal Flora of Gulf of Kachchh 3.1 INTRODUCTION Coastal areas are influenced by tidal action up to 500 m from High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the HTL has been declared as Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ). For conservation significance of coral reefs and mangroves ecosystem in the Gulf of Kachchh, the southern part of the Gulf of Kachchh along with 42 islands was declared as Marine Sanctuary in 1980, which expanded about 45793ha in 1982 and to provide total protection to the islands henceforth some of the sanctuary area which notified as Marine National Park. Gulf of Kachchh is the north western part of the Indian coast, which extended to a length of approx 170 km covering an area of around 7350 km2 (Singh H. S. 2003). The GoK is one of the few coastal zones in the world having rich marine biodiversity. Mangroves cover of the Gulf is the second largest after Sundarbans’ mangroves in the mainland of India. From high tide line towards the landwards side, coastal vegetation contributes different valuable functions to the environment as well as in ecosystem and it provides protection against erosion in the coastal areas caused by natural hazards.

3.2 STUDY AREA The Gulf of Kachchh (Okha to AbdasaTaluka coast including islands) and the study area has been categorizes into three zone based on the district boundaries i.e. Jamnagar, Rajkot and Kachchh.

3.3 BACKGROUND (up to 5th Interim) Floristic exploration of coastal areas of the GoK was done in between October 2011 to February 2014 and total 102 transects were laid from Okha coast to Suthari village for enumeration of trees-shrubs and 173 transects for herbaceous vegetation. A total of 102 transect in the Coastal area, total 1650 quadrates of 5×5 m. for trees-shrub population and total 3460 quadrates (1×1 mt2) were laid for herbaceous vegetation of the Gulf of Kachchh. For Seaweed diversity, total 22 site of intertidal areas southern part in the GoK were explored in 2013-14, where, total 116 transects (879 quadrates - 1X1m2) were laid for diversity, density cover of seaweeds.

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

For study of natural regeneration of mangroves and its associates, total 5 sites were explored in the GoK. This interim period total 26 quadrates were laid covering area of 0.155ha in the Mangroves forest in the GoK. Previous outcomes: 

Total 229 Angiosperm, one Gymnosperm and one Pteridophyte species were recorded belonging to 162 Genera and 60 Families. In the Angiosperm diversity, the ratio of Monocots to Dicots was 1:11.2 Families, 1: 9.17 Genera and 1:7.80 Species. Poaceae was the largest family from the Monocotyledons (12 species) whereas Fabaceae is the largest family among the Dicotyledons(17species and 14 genera).



Total143 seaweeds species belonging to 75 Genera and 41 Families were recorded from the studied sites. The ratio of Family to Genera and Species was 1:1.8:3.53. Division wise species diversity accounted as 73 Rhodophyta, 42 Chlorophyta and 30 Phaeophyta.

3.4. OBJECTIVES 1. To survey and prepare inventory of the coastal floral diversity in the coastal area

of Gujarat with special focus on GOK (including various islands) 2. To categorize the species in various floral groups such as halophytes (mangrove and non mangroves) and non halophytes 3. To prepare a status report about the endemic, rare and endangered species. 4. To prepare maps showing major floral groups such as halophytes (mangrove and non mangroves), non halophytes and other plant species showing dominant species 5. To study the status of natural recruitment of mangrove and non mangrove species on Gujarat coast with special focus on GOK 6. To categorize the floral diversity on Gujarat coast and Islands based upon species dominance, abundance and richness etc. 7. To develop health indices for coastal flora in general and mangroves in particular.

56

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

3.5 WORK DONE FROM March to June’2014 (6th Interim) In this period out of three 2 components were covered i.e. Seaweed diversity and regeneration study of mangroves. Details of visited sites are mentioned below (Table-3.1). Table-3.1: Work done under the flora component from March 2014 to June 2014 SubComponents

Locations

Field days

Man Days

Seaweeds

Coastal areas of Okha and Shivrajpur

5

25

Mangroves

Lalpur- singhach, Dhani, Kalubhar KalyanpurPindara, Bhaidar, Noru, Mundeka, Chhad, Bhainsbid, Jindra, Pirotan, Rojibet, Khijadiya.

31

121

Total

36

146

In the first round for the study of seaweed diversity, major reef areas (reef vegetation at 22 sites) in the Gulf have been explored, within that total 121 transacts (121) were laid.

3.6. STUDY AREA OF 6TH INTERIM REPORT (MARCH-JUNE’2014) 3.6.1. Seaweeds/Macro Marine Algae: For the study of seaweed diversity the intertidal areas in the GoK were explored and for the same two sites i.e. Okha and Shivrajpur were explored during this time period. Total 5 transects, within that 29 quadrates (size of the quadrate- 1X1 sq. m.) were laid for % cover of seaweeds in the intertidal areas (Table-3.2). Table-3.2 Distribution of Seaweeds enumeration transacts and quadrates in GoK and its Islands

District

Devbhumi Dwarka

Sampling Site

Total studied

No. of transects

No. of quadrates

Okha coast

2

15

0.0015

Tiger Point

2

14

0.0014

Shivrajpur reef Total

Area (in ha)

Potential area search 4

29

0.0029 57

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

3.6.2. Mangroves regeneration:For the study of natural regeneration of mangroves, total 18 sites were explored during this time period. For which total 228 plots (5X5 m) were laid within that total 670 quadrates (size of the quadrate- 1X1 sq. m.) were laid to study the natural regeneration of mangrove species. Table-3.3. Table-3.3 Distribution of transacts-quadrates for natural regeneration of mangroves in the GoK District Devbhumi Dwarka

Jamnagar

Islands

Total

Sampling Sites

No. of Plots (5X5 m.)

No. of quadrates (1X1 m)

Area studied (in ha.)

Chudeswar

12

60

0.0060

Salaya

8

38

0.0038

Pindara

10

50

0.0050

Sikka

5

25

0.0025

Rasulnagar

5

25

0.0025

Sarmat

5

25

0.0025

Dinchada

5

25

0.0025

Nava Bandar

5

25

0.0025

Singhach-Lalpur

10

50

0.0050

Khijadiya

10

50

0.0050

Sachana

10

50

0.0050

Dhani

5

25

0.0025

Kalubhar

10

50

0.0050

Bhaidar

5

25

0.0025

Noru

5

25

0.0025

Mundeka

10

50

0.0050

Bhains Bid

5

25

0.0025

Pirotan

5

25

0.0025

Chhad

10

50

0.0050

Roji Beyt

5

25

0.0025

Jindra

5

25

0.0025

228

670

0.0325 58

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

3.7 METHODOLOGY (COASTAL FLORA, SEAWEEDS & MANGROVES) 3.7.1. Coastal terrestrial flora: Described in the earlier interim reports. 3.7.2 Seaweeds: It was mentioned in Fourth interim report and same methods are being applied for this component. 3.7.2.1 Analysis: % of algal cover on the reef area in the GoK was carried out through analysing the data and the following calculation formula is used: % Cover =Total area covered by species / Total area sampled

3.7.3. Mangroves regeneration: 3.7.3.1. Sampling: The coastal areas of the GoK, falls under four districts i.e. Devbhumi Dwarka, Jamnagar, Rajkot and Kachchh. For study of Mangroves the intertidal areas of the GoK including islands were considered. Total mangroves cover in the study areas was taken from maps prepared using GIS applications. The following steps were applied. 1. Total Mangrove cover in the GoK –approx.399 sq. km (Okhamandal taluka to Mundra taluka). () 2. 1 sq. km. area will be selected randomly from each 5 sq. km area i.e. 80 sq. km. area will be selected. 3. 5 plots (1 plot=5×5 sq. mt) will be laid randomly in each 1 sq. km. area i.e. 80 x 5 = 400 plots will be laid 4. 5 quadrates (size=1×1 sq. mt) will be laid within the main Plot (5×5 sq. m.).(4 quadrates will be laid at 4 corners and 1 at centre of each plot) 5. Therefore, total 2000 (400*5) quadrates are to be laid. 3.7.3.2. Criteria for the differentiation of Seedling and saplings of different species. In that respect considering average length of propagules (Tomlinson, 2004), following regeneration categories has been considered.

59

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

Name of the species

Propagules length

Seedling length

Avicennia marina

One seeded fruit and seed

Rhizophora mucronata

Sapling length

Girth Diameter

Up-to 50 cm.

Above 50 cm. to 1.5 mt.

Up to 10cm

15 cm.

Up-to 50 cm.

Above 50 cm. to 1.5 mt.

Ceriops tagal

15 cm.

Up-to 50 cm.

Above 50 cm. to 1.5 mt.

Aegiceras corniculata

5cm

Up-to 50 cm.

Above 50 cm. to 1.5 mt.

3.7.5. Documentation: Photo documentation and Herbarium documentation of all the three components was done. Photo documentation has done by Canon Mark 3 Digital SLR Camera as well as macro algal species specimen are collected in the field and the specimen have been preserved and pasted on herbarium sheets as per the standard method.

3.8 RESULTS For the study of floral 3.8.1 Coastal Terrestrial Flora: 3.8.1.1. Over view of vegetation: The coastal areas were found predominantly covered with shrubby vegetation and herbaceous species including grasses. Shrubby vegetation was mostly composed with thorny species such as Prosopis chilensis, Acacia senegal, Acacia nilotica, Cassia auriculata, Calotropis procera, Zizyphus nummularia, Salvadora persica and Capparisdecidua. Moreover, the vegetation covered with climber species such as Asparagus racemosus, A. dumosus and etc, and the ground cover was composed with herbaceous vegetationsuch as Boerhavia diffusa, Lepidagathistrinervis, Urochondra setulosa, Suaeda fruticosa, Vernonia cinerea, Fimbristyliscymbaria, Citrulluscolocynthis, Halopyrummucronatum, Peristophebicalyculata, Fagoniacretica, Suaeda maritime and Phyllanthus niruri.

60

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

3.8.1.2 Qualitative studies 

Till date, total 243 Angiosperm and 1 Gymnosperm and a Pteridophyte species belonging to 181 Genera and 68 Families have been recorded (Table-3.4). Habit wise distribution of angiosperms is illustrated in Fig.-3.1. The Checklist of Coastal plants is given separately in Annexure-3.1.



In present study out of the total 243 coastal Angiosperms, 24 halophytes have been found in Inthe coastal region. In the Monograph of Indian Halophytes, Dr. A. J. Joshi has reported 35 halophytes from Gujarat out of that 23 halophytes have been reported in the study. Zygophyllum simplex is the addition in the species reported by the Dr. Joshi.



Angiosperm plant diversity includes 215 Dicot and 28 Monocot species (Figure no.3. 2).



The ratio of Monocots to Dicots was 1:10 Families, 1: 6.7 Genera and 1: 7.7 Species. (Fig.-3.2).



The ratio of Family to Genera and Species was 1: 2.6: 3.6.



Distribution of subclasses, Polypetalae to Gamopetalae to Monochlamydae was 1:0.75:0.35 and in the subclass, Polypetalae distribution of groups Thalamiflorae to Disciflorae to Calyciflorae was 1:0.45:1.87 (Fig.-3.3).

 Poaceae is the largest family in the Monocotyledons (14 species) whereas Fabaceae is the largest family among the Dicotyledons (22 species and 15 Genera). (Table-3.5 and Table-3.6). Table-3.4 Floral richness till now recorded in the area of GoK Family

Genera

Species

Dicotyledons

60

157

215

Monocotyledons

6

23

28

B. Gymnosperm

1

1

1

C. Pteridophyte

1

1

1

Total

68

182

245

A. Angiosperm

61

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

Table-3.5 Numbers of Angiosperm families- Genus-Species recorded between November-2011 to June-2014 in the GoK Coast S.N.

Family

No. of Genera

No. of Species

S.N.

Family

No. of Genera

No. of Species

1

FABACEAE

15

22

34

SCROPHULARIACEAE

1

2

2

CONVOLVULACEAE

6

15

35

PEDALIACEAE

2

2

3

POACEAE

14

14

36

VERBENACEAE

2

2

4

ASTERACEAE

13

14

37

NYCTAGINACEAE

1

2

5

EUPHORBIACEAE

6

12

38

MORACEAE

1

2

6

MALVACEAE

7

10

39

NYMPHACEAE

1

1

7

CAESALPINIACEAE

4

9

40

PAPAVERACEAE

1

1

8

MIMOSACEAE

5

9

41

VIOLACEAE

1

1

9

ACANTHACEAE

5

8

42

PORTULACACEAE

1

1

10

AMARANTHACEAE

7

8

43

BALANITACEAE

1

1

11

CUCURBITACEAE

6

7

44

BURSERACEAE

1

1

12

TILIACEAE.

3

6

45

CELASTRACEAE

1

1

13

ASCLEPIADACEAE

4

6

46

RHAMNACEAE

1

1

14

BORAGINACEAE

4

6

47

VITACEAE

1

1

15

CHENOPODIACEAE

5

6

48

SAPINDACEAE

1

1

16

LAMIACEAE

4

5

49

MORINGACEAE

1

1

17

SOLANACEAE

3

4

50

COMBRETACEA

1

1

18

CYPERACEAE

2

4

51

CACTACEAE

1

1

19

CAPPARACEAE

3

3

52

MOLLUGINACEAE

1

1

20

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

2

3

53

RUBIACEAE

1

1

21

TAMARICACEAE.

1

3

54

PLUMBAGINACEAE

1

1

22

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

3

3

55

MYRSINACEAE.

1

1

23

AIZOACEAE

2

3

56

SAPOTACEAE

1

1

24

UMBELLIFERAE

3

3

57

PERIPLOCACEAE

1

1

25

APOCYNACEAE

3

3

58

GENTIANACEAE.

1

1

26

LILIACEAE

2

3

59

EHRETIACEAE

1

1

27

COMMELINACEAE

1

3

60

ORBANCHACEAE

1

1

28

ARACACEAE

3

3

61

AVICENNIACEAE

1

1 62

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

S.N.

Family

No. of Genera

No. of Species

S.N.

Family

No. of Genera

No. of Species

29

MENISPERMACEAE

2

2

62

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

1

1

30

RUTACEAE

2

2

63

POLYGALACEAE

1

1

31

MELIACEAE

2

2

64

POLYGONACEAE

1

1

32

RHIZOPHORACEAE

2

2

65

CASUARINACEAE

1

1

33

SALVADORACEAE

1

2

66

RUPPIACEAE

1

1

180

243

Total

Table-3.6 Terrestrial Coastal Angiosperm Genera recorded between November-2011 to June-2014 in the GoK Coast SN

Genera

No. of Species

SN

Genera

No. ofSpecies

1

Ipomea

7

91

Dichoma

1

2

Cassia

6

92

Digera

1

3

Euphorbia

6

93

Echinops

1

4

Acacia

4

94

Eclipta

1

5

Alysicarpus

3

95

Enicostema

1

6

Blepharis

4

96

Eragrostis

1

7

Commelina

3

97

Evolvulus

1

8

Convolvulus

3

98

Fagonia

1

9

Corchorus

3

99

Fimbristylis

1

10

Crotalaria

3

100

Glinus

1

11

Cyperus

3

101

Goniogyna

1

12

Heliotropium

3

102

Gossypium

1

13

Indigofera

3

103

Halopyrum

1

14

Tamarix

3

104

Helianthus

1

15

Abutilon

2

105

Helichrysum

1

16

Aerva

2

106

Hewittia

1

17

Asparagus

2

107

Hyphnea

1

18

Boerhavia

2

108

Hyptis

1

19

Calotropis

2

109

Lepidagathis

1

20

Cucumis

2

110

Leucaena

1 63

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

SN

Genera

No. of Species

SN

Genera

No. ofSpecies

21

Ficus

2

111

Limonia

1

22

Grewia

2

112

Limonium

1

23

Hibiscus

2

113

Lotus

1

24

Launaea

2

114

Manilkara

1

25

Leptadenia

2

115

Maytenus

1

26

Leucas

2

116

Melia

1

27

Merremia

2

117

Mimosa

1

28

Phyllanthus

2

118

Momordica

1

29

Polycarpaea

2

119

Moringa

1

30

Prosopis

2

120

Mukia

1

31

Salvadora

2

121

Nerium

1

32

Sida

2

122

Nymphaea

1

33

Solanum

2

123

Ocimum

1

34

Striga

2

124

Oldenlandia

1

35

Suaeda

2

125

Opuntia

1

36

Tephrosia

2

126

Parkinsonia

1

37

Trianthema

2

127

Parthenium

1

38

Abelmoschus

1

128

Pedalium

1

39

Acanthospermum

1

129

Peltophorum

1

40

Achyranthes

1

130

Pentatropis

1

41

Aegiceras

1

131

Pergularia

1

42

Aegle

1

132

Periploca

1

43

Aeluropus

1

133

Peristrophe

1

44

Aloe

1

134

Phoenix

1

45

Alternanthera

1

135

Phyla

1

46

Amaranthus

1

136

Physalis

1

47

Arachis

1

137

Pithecellobium

1

48

Argemone

1

138

Polygala

1

49

Aristida

1

139

Polygonum

1

50

Aristolochia

1

140

Portulaca

1 64

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

SN

Genera

No. of Species

SN

Genera

No. ofSpecies

51

Arthrocnemum

1

141

Pulicaria

1

52

Artiplex

1

142

Pupalia

1

53

Avicennia

1

143

Rhizophora

1

54

Azadirachta

1

144

Rhynchosia

1

55

Balanites

1

145

Rungia

1

56

Barleria

1

146

Ruppia

1

57

Cadaba

1

147

Salicornia

1

58

Canavalia

1

148

Salvia

1

59

Capparis

1

149

Senra

1

60

Cardiospermum

1

150

Sericostoma

1

61

Casuarina

1

151

Sesamum

1

62

Catharanthus

1

152

Sesbania

1

63

Cayratia

1

153

Sesuvium

1

64

Celosia

1

154

Setaria

1

65

Cenchrus

1

155

Seteria

1

66

Ceriops

1

156

Sorghum

1

67

Chenopodium

1

157

Spergula

1

68

Chrozophora

1

158

Spilanthes

1

69

Cicer

1

159

Sporobolus

1

70

Cistanche

1

160

Tamarindus

1

71

Citrullus

1

161

Taverniera

1

72

Cleome

1

162

Terminalia

1

73

Clerodendrum

1

163

Thespesia

1

74

Clitoria

1

164

Thevetia

1

75

Coccinia

1

165

Tinospora

1

76

Cocos

1

166

Trachyspermum

1

77

Coculus

1

167

Tragia

1

78

Coldenia

1

168

Tragus

1

79

Commiphora

1

169

Tribulus

1

80

Corallocarpus

1

170

Trichodesma

1 65

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

SN

Genera

No. of Species

SN

Genera

No. ofSpecies

81

Cordia

1

171

Tridax

1

82

Cressa

1

172

Triumfetta

1

83

Croton

1

173

Urochondra

1

84

Cuminum

1

174

Vernonia

1

85

Cymbopogon

1

175

Vigna

1

86

Cynodon

1

176

Viola

1

87

Dalechampia

1

177

Xanthium

1

88

Datura

1

178

Zizyphus

1

89

Daucus

1

179

Zygophyllum

1

90

Desmostachya

1

180

Zornia

1

Total

243

Fig.-3.1 Habit distribution among Gymnosperm and Angiosperm

The Fig.-3.1 shows habit distribution of Gymnosperm and Angiosperm. Among Angiosperm, herbs were maximum, (54%) represented by 131 species. It is followed by trees, climbers, shrubs, under-shrubs, grasses and sedges 33, 28, 24, 9, 14, 4, species respectively.

66

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

Fig.-3.2 Floristic diversity of monocot and dicotyledonous plants

The Fig.-3.2 shows floristic diversity of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants found in the present study. Monocot includes 28 species belonging to 23genera and 6 families, whereas dicot includes 60 families, 157 genera and 215 species.

Fig.-3.3 Distribution of classes and groups within Angiosperms Among the different classes of Angiosperm, species belonging Polypetalae are maximum (43%) represented by 104 species followed by Gamopetalae, Monochlamyde and Monocotyledon 78, 33 and 28 species respectively.

67

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

3.8.2. SEAWEEDS: 3.8.2.1 Species inventory list: Seaweeds (Microalgae) species recorded from intertidal areas, reefs/islands of Jamnagar coast and the checklist is given in Annexure-3.2. Total, 153 species of seaweeds have been recorded which are belonging three major groups i.e. Chlorophyta (Green algae), Pheophyta(Brown algae) and Rhodophyta (red algae). The most common species of Chlorophyta are Ulvalactuca, Ulvareticulata, Monostroma latissima, Enteromorpha compressa, Acrosiphoniaorientalis, Chaetomorphacressa, Valoniautricularis, Caulerpamicrophysa, Caulerparacemosa, Caulerpasertulariodes, Halimida tuna, Udoteaindica. The most common species of Pheophyta are Dictyotaciliota, Padinatetrastromatica, Iyengariastellata, Cystoseriaindica, Sargassum sp. The most common species of Rhodophyta are Halymeniavenusta, Hypnea sp., Digerea simplex, Gracilariacorticataetc. 3.8.2.2. Quantitative and qualitative studies: Total 153 macro algal species belonging to 82 Genera and 46 Families was recorded in the present study. The ratio of Family to Genera and Species 1:1.7:3.33 was observed. Diversity of Seaweeds species accounts as 80Rhodophyta, 43Chlorophyta and 30 Phaeophyta. 

Till date, total 153 macro algal species belonging to 82 Genera and 46 Families have been recorded in the wild condition. Checklist of plant is given separately in Annexure- 3.2.



Maximum numbers of species of seaweeds were recorded from Panero island and the lowest form the Jindra. Figure no. 3.5



The ratio of Family to Genera and Species is 1:1.7:3.33.



Seaweeds species diversity accounts as 80 Rhodophyta, 43 Chlorophyta and 30 Phaeophyta (Fig.-3.4).



The ratio of Phaeophyta to Chlorophyta to Rhodophyta of family, genera and species is given below:1 : 2.2 : 4.5, for Families, 1:1.1:2.7 for Genera, 1:1.4:2.7 for Species.



Percentage cover of 3 divisions are given in the Fig.-3.6, 3.7 and3.8



Details of species reported in this study and in previous study is given in the Annexure 2. 68

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

Fig. 3.4 Division wise species diversity of seaweeds In the study of seaweed diversity maximum numbers of species (80) were of Rhodophyta division followed by Chlorophyta (43) and Phaeophyta (30) Fig.-3.4.

Fig.-3.5 Site Wise species richness of seaweeds

69

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

Fig-3.5 shows site wise species richness of seaweeds. Maximum richness was observed in Panero island (47 species), followed by Okha, Gandiya-Kado, Boria with 39, 37 and 33 species respectively. Lowest species richness (6 species) was found at Jindra island. Fig.-3.6 Chlorophyta % coverage /sq. mt

Maximum percentage cover of Chlorophyta was observed in Narara (71.18 % cover/sq. mt.), followed by Paga ( 52.07 %cover/sq. mt.) and KPT Jetty ( 50.84 %cover/sq. mt.). Lowest percentage cover was observed at Beyt (0.02 %cover/sq. mt.) (Fig.-3.6).

Fig.-3.7 Phaeophyta % coverage /sq. mt

70

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

The Fig.-3.7 shows, percentage cover/sq. mt in Phaeophyta. Maximum percentage cover of Phaeophyta was observed at Lakhu (33 % cover/sq. mt.), followed by Panero (25.39 % cover/sq. mt.) and Dwarka (25.32 %cover/sq. mt.). The lowest was observed at Beyt (0.13 %cover/sq. mt.)

Fig.-3.8 Rhodophta % coverage /sq. mt The Fig.-3.8 shows, percentage cover/sq. mt in Rhodophyta. Maximum percentage cover of Rhodophyta was observed at Khimrakhat (26.32 % cover/sq. mt.), followed by Chhad (22.12 % cover/sq. mt.) and Dedeka (8.63% cover/sq. mt.). Lowest percentage cover was observed in Gandhiyo Kado (0.02 %cover/sq. mt.) 3.8.3. Natural regeneration of Mangroves: Coastal areas of Okhamandal to Jamnagar Taluka have been surveyed for the study of natural regeneration of mangroves. As per the secondary information, total 14 mangrove species recorded in Gujarat whereas four species viz. Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal and Aegiceras corniculatum are found in the present survey to date. Also, Mangroves associates were found viz. Sueda nudiflora, Sessuvium portulacastrum, Salicornia brachiata, Arthocnemum indicum Cressa cretica and etc. 3.8.3.1 Quantitative and qualitative studies Natural regeneration of four mangroves species was encountered in the surveyed area of the GoK. All the four species natural regeneration recorded at Jamnagar and Khambhaliya Taluka whereas A. marinawas the only species noted in three Taluka i.e. Kalyanpur, Lalpur and Okhamandal 71

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

A. marina was found to be dominant in density of seedlings (20 /m2) at Lalpur Taluka followed by Okhamandal Taluka (18 seedlings m-2),Kalyanpur Taluka (15 seedlings m-2), and Khambaliya Taluka (11 seedlings m-2) whereas in Jamnagar taluka was found to have lowest density of seedling (4 seedlings m-2). Density of remaining three species was higher in Jamnagar Taluka compare to Khambhaliya. Sapling density of A. marina was highest in Okhamandal (5/m2) followed by lalpur (4/m2), Kalyanpur (3/m2), Khambhaliya (2/m2) and Jamnagar (1.7/m2). (Table-3.7) Seedlings abundance of A. marina was found to be dominant in Taluka - Okhamandal and minimum was in Jamnagar. Sapling abundance was highest in Taluka - Okhamandal and minimum in Kalyanpur (Table-3.8). The frequency of occurrence of A. marina was highest compare to other mangroves species. Details of natural regeneration of mangroves (density, abundance and frequency) are given in Table-3.9 and Taluka wise recruits of mangroves are given in the Fig.-3.9 and Fig.-3.13. Table-3.7. Density of seedlings and saplings of mangroves in the studied Taluka Density

Jamnagar

Species SDG SPG AC

0.09 0.00

AM

Kalyanpur SDG

SPG 0

Khambhaliya SDG

SPG

0 0.004 0.004

Lalpur SDG

Okhamandal

SPG 0

SDG

SPG

0

0

0

3.65 1.74 15.22 2.60 11.17

1.90 20.08 4.38

17.75

5.34

CT

0.55 0.10

0

0

0.12

0.09

0

0

0

0

RM

0.02 0.02

0

0

0.02

0.02

0

0

0

0

72

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

Table-3.8. Abundance of seedlings and saplings of mangroves in the studied Taluka Abundance Jamnagar

Kalyanpur Khambhaliya Lalpur

Species

SDG SPG SDG

SDG SPG

AC

3.8

AM

2.125

SPG

Okhamandal

SDG SPG SDG

0

0

1

1

8.6

3.3 16.5

3.1

17.8

CT

8.8

2.7

0

0

2.6

2

RM

1.1

1.3

0

0

1

1.3

SPG

0

0

0

0

3.4 20.5

4.7

23

6.9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Table-3.9. % of Frequency – seedlings (SDG) and saplings (SPG) of mangroves in studyarea Species AC AM CT RM

Jamnagar Kalyanpur Khambhaliya Lalpur Okhamandal SDG SPG SDG SPG SDG SPG SDG SPG SDG SPG 2.26 1.51 0 0 0.38 0.38 0 0 0 0 42.64 52.08 92 84 62.84 56.32 98 94 77.36 77.36 6.23 3.77 0 0 4.6 4.6 0 0 0 0 1.51 1.51 0 0 0.77 1.53 0 0 0 0

Fig.-3.9 Mangrove regeneration of Jamnagar Taluka In the Jamnagar Taluka regeneration of four mangrove species was observed among them the highest density, frequency and abundance was of A. marina (AM), followed by Ceriops tagal (CT) and Aegiceras corniculatim (AC) and Rhizophora mucronata (RM). Density of three species i.e. AC, CT and RM was very negligible compare to the entire area studied but wherever it was present there the density (Abundance) was accountable. (Fig-3.9) 73

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

Fig.-3.10 Mangrove regeneration of Kalyanpur Taluka In the Kalyanpur Taluka regeneration of only A. marina (AM) was found and for the same density frequency and abundance is represented in Fig.-3.10.

Fig.-3.11 Mangrove reneration of Khambhaliya Taluka In the Khambhaliy Taluka regeneration of four mangrove species was observed among them the highest density, frequency and abundance was of A. marina (AM), followed by Ceriops tagal (CT) and Rhizophora mucronata (RM) Aegiceras corniculatim (AC). Density of species other than A. marina was very negligible compare to the entire area studied but wherever it was present there the density (Abundance) was accountable. (Fig.-3.11)

74

Survey of Costal Flora of GoK

Fig.-3.12 Mangrove reneration of Lalpur Taluka In the Lalpur Taluka regeneration of only A. marina (AM) was found and for the same density frequency and abundance is represented in Fig.-3.12.

No./Sq. mt.

Fig.-3.13 Mangrove reneration of Okhamandal Taluka In the Okhamandal Taluka regeneration of only A. marina (AM) was found and for the same density frequency and abundance is represented in Fig.-3.13.

75

Chapter –4 Marine and Coastal Fauna of Gulf of Kachchh 4.1 BACKGROUND Benchmark information of marine fauna of Gulf of Kachchh is one of the research activities under the component B “Generating information about biophysical status of the intertidal areas and to develop benchmark information about the floral and faunal diversity in the Gulf of Kachchh”. The activity includes following objectives: 1) To prepare an inventory of faunal diversity of Gulf of Kachchh (of selected taxa) 2) To find out species abundance of major species (of selected taxa) 3) To prepare a status report about the endemic and threatened species. Total seven groups have been selected for above mentioned objectives under the project i.e. Corals, Molluscs, Crustaceans, Pisces, Herpetofauna, Aves and Mammalia.

4.2 PRESENT INTERIM REPORT (6thINTERIM REPORT) Total five interim reports have been prepared and submitted to the SPMU-Gujarat so far viz. 1. First report (Oct-November‘11); 2. Second report (Dec’11 to Mar’12); 3. Third report (July’11 to Nov’12); 4. Fourth report (Dec’12 to May’13) and; 5. Fifth report (June’13 to Dec’13). Earlier reports dealt with the progress made in the faunal research tillDecember 2013 in respective durations. The present interim report covers the faunal work done till end of June’14. Here, study area and methodology part are excluded from this report. The details of the findings and work done of each group are given below:

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

4.3 PROGRESS UNDER FAUNA ACTIVITY TILLJUNE-2014 a. Invertebrates in the Gulf of Kachchh 4.3.1. Crustacean Crustacean is a diverse group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, prawns, shrimp, barnacles, and pill bugs etc. Unlike most other arthropods, there are few species of crustaceans found on land or freshwater. The feeding habits of crustaceans vary widely, including filter feeders, scavengers, and active predators. Many crustaceans are consideredeconomically important to human because of their large role in marine and terrestrial food chains. Because this group varies so widely in size, they can fulfill many habitats within the water and on land. Many smaller crustaceans have the ability to recycle nutrients as filter feeders, while larger crustaceans can act as a food source for large aquatic mammals. Terrestrial crustaceans also have ecological importance as decomposers of dead organisms. 4.3.1.1 Efforts made The same efforts were made for all invertebrate taxa i.e. Crustacean, mollusc and Corals. For qualitative and quantitative assessment, observations are being carried outin intertidal area of total 46 locations in the GoK. The data collections carried out through transect and quadrate based observation. Number of transects and length of transect depends on the intertidal area of the location. As of now, out of 46 locationsfor the study, 37 locations have been covered where 18 locations (once), 8 (twice), 7 (thrice) and 4 (four times) visited till June’14. For species inventory, potential area search was also carried out at studied sites. 4.3.1.2 Results and Discussions i. Species richness A total of 46 crustacean species belonging to 4 orders and 21 families were recorded from the GoK (Annexure 4.1). Out of total, some of the species could be identified at genus level. Some of the common crustaceans were not recorded in previous studies of the Gulf of Kachchh i.e. Zoological Survey of India (2004) reported only 20 species, Trivedi et al. (2012) reported 19 species, Jani& Mishra (2007) reported 41 species and GEER (2004) mentioned 37 species of crustaceans. The present study mainly includes Crabs, Lobsters, Crayfish, Shrimp, Krill and Barnacles in the taxa. The total recorded species of which 32Crabs, 1Lobster, 6 Shrimp, 3Barnacles, 3 Prawns and 1 Squilla in the study area. 78

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

ii. Island wise diversity and species composition While assessing the diversity of the crustacean, it was observed that there were variations in species diversity as well as composition among in differnect studied intertidal areas of the Islands in the GoK. Maximum number of species (n≥20) was recorded at Kalubhar Island, followed by Gandhiyo-Kado, Dhani, Pirotan and Dedeka Mundeka. However, considering the density (m2), it was higher in Dwarka and Boria reef (i.e. >0.06m2) whereas from the sutudied area, four reerfs areas shows lower density (i.e. >0.01m2) at Vudakuda reef, Narara, Bhaider and Chank. In the contrary, some of the islands has low species richness but higher in density such as Dwarka, Boria, Bhaisbid, Khara-Mitha Chusna etc. However, remaining data collection for the crustacean may change the present status.

25

15

20

19 18

20 15 11

10

22

No of species 24 23 16

13 12

0.08

Density

0.07

21

17 14 10

14

20

18

17 12

11

18

0.06

20 19

0.05 13

0.04 0.03 0.02

5

0.01 0.00 Ajad Bet Dwarka Bhaidar Bhaisbid Boria Chank Dedeka-Mundeka Dhani Dwarka Gandhiya Kado Goose Kalubhar Khara-Mitha chusna Khimarakhat Laku Narara Noru Paga Panero Pashu Pirotan Shivrajpur Sikka VudaKuda reef Shan ni Ani

0

Density individual/m2

Number of Species

30

Locations Fig.-4.1: Island wise density and number of Crustacean species recorded till end of June’14 in GoK Similarity Considering the occurrence of the species and its composition, Pirotan and Dhani islands were found to be similar with each other i.e. 100%, likewise, Dedeka – Mundeka and Bhaisbid were also found to be similar with each other i.e. 94.7% (Fig 4.2 and Annexure 4.2). The detailed similarity among the studied Islands till end of June’14 is given in Fig 4.2 and Annexure 4.2.

79

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Fig.-4.2: Similarities among the Islands of GoK based on Species composition through Bray-Curtis Similarity Measure (Crustaceans) iii. Distribution of dominant species Among all the species Etisus laevimanus and Portunus pelagicus were found to be more abundant in the GoK with relative abundance 11.10% and 10.47%, respectively. However, occurrence of Etisus laevimanus was 84% whereas the occurrence of Portunus pelagicus 100% till June’14. In contrary, Oratosquilla nepa, Atergatis integerrimus and Clibanarius humilis were also widely distributed with occurrence of 96%, 92% and 92% respectively, but their relative abundance was 5.9%, 2.5% and 5.3% respectively. Therefore, Portunus pelagicuscan be considered as widely distributed and abundant species in the GoK. However, further observations would change the scenario of crustaceans in the GoK. 4.3.2. Molluscs Molluscs is diverse group includesdifferent classes such as Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda,Polyplacophora,Monoplacophores and Scaphopoda. They are widespread and abundant in marine,freshwater and terrestrial habitats.Many Molluscs are considered economically important as human’s foods,sources of pearls and other shell materials,some serve asintermediate hosts for human parasites,some can cause damage to cropsbecause of their large role in marine and terrestrial food chains. 80

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

4.3.1.1 Efforts made The same efforts were made for all invertebrate taxa i.e. Crustacean, Mollusc and Corals which is mentioned in the crustacean section. 4.3.1.2 Results and Discussions i. Species richness A total of 147Molluscs belonging to 20 orders and 59 families were recorded from the GoK till June’14(Annexure 4.3). Some of the species could be identified at genus level. Of the total recorded Molluscs there are 117 species of Gastropoda, 21 species of Bivalvia, 4 species of Cephalopoda, 3 species of Polyplacophora and 2 species Scaphopoda in the GoK. Earlier, Venkataraman (2005) reported 350 Molluscs from Gulf of Kachchh. Likewise, BNHS reported total about 563 Molluscs during various studies (BNHS, 2007; 2009; 2010).

ii. Island wise diversity and species composition While assessing the diversity of the Molluscs it was observed that there were variations in the diversity and species composition of Molluscs among the Islands of the GoK. Maximum species were recorded at Pirotan Island, followed by Kalubhar and Shan ni Ani Islands. However, considering the density, it was higher in Ajad, Dwarka, Paga and Shivrajpur. Some of the Island shows high species richness but low density such as Pirotan, Vudakuda etc, in contrary, some of the islands has low species richness and higher density such as Shivrajpur, Dwarka, Boria, Ajad etc. Remaining sites for data collection will be covered in next season of the 2014.

35 33 25

24 18

35

34 28

26

23

32 33 33 30 33

0.10 0.09 34 34 36 0.08 0.07 28 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00

Ajad Bet… Bhaidar Bhaisbid Boria Chank Dedeka-… Dhani Dwarka Gandhiy… Goose Kalubhar Khara-… Khimara… Laku Narara Noru Paga Panero Pashu Pirotan Shivrajp… Sikka VudaKu… Shan ni…

Number of Species

25

30 30 28

40

Density 44

Density

No of species 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Fig. 4.3: Island wise density and number of Mollusc species recorded till end of June’14 in GoK 81

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Considering the occurrence of the species and its composition, Bet Dwraka and DedekaMundeka were found to be similar i.e. 89%, and likewise, Khara-Mitha Chusna andDhani i.e. 88%. The detailed similarity table among the studied Islands is given in the Fig 4.4 and Annexure 4.4.

Fig.-4.4: Similarities among the Islands of GoK based on Species composition through Bray-Curtis Similarity Measure (Mollusc) iii. Distribution of dominant species Among the all species,Onchidium sp., Cerithium morus, Turbo intercostalisandTurbo bruneuswere found to be more abundant in the GoK with their Relative Abundance 7.62%, 6.73%, 5.11% and 4.66%, respectively and frequency of occurrence 92%, 48%, 76% and 96% repectively. The highest occurrence was recored in Vasticardium flavum, Turbo bruneus and Pollia undosa i.e. 96%, and relative abundance was 3.44%, 4.66% and 2.19%, respectively. Therefore, Turbo bruneuscan be considered as widely distributed and abundant species in the GoK. However, further observations would change the scenario of Molluscs in the GoK.

82

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

4.3.3. Corals 4.3.1.1 Efforts made The same efforts were made for all invertebrate taxa i.e. Crustacean, mollusc and Corals which is mentioned in the crustacean section. 4.3.1.2 Results and Discussions i. Species richness A total of 37coral species were recorded from the GoK, which belong to 3 orders and 15 families (Annexure 4.5) of which 31 hard corals and 6 soft corals. Out of total, some of the species could be identified at genus or species level. Jani & Mishra (2007) has mentioned 52 species, earlier, GEER (2004) reported 51 species, Venkataraman, (2005) reported 36 species, Satyanarayana and Ramakrishna (2009) reported 49 species of Hard Corals in Gulf of Kachchh. ii. Island wise diversity and species composition

25 20 15

22

19

16 12

No of species 24 23

24

12

13

16

18 13 14

17

15 10

10

0.60

Density

12

14

17 18

20

0.50 17 16 15 14

0.40 0.30 0.20

5

0.10

0

0.00

Ajad Bet Dwarka Bhaidar Bhaisbid Boria Chank Dedeka-… Dhani Dwarka Gandhiya… Goose Kalubhar Khara-… Khimarakhat Laku Narara Noru Paga Panero Pashu Pirotan Shivrajpur Sikka VudaKuda… Shan ni Ani

Number of Species

30

Locations

Fig. 4.5: Island wise density and number of Coral species recorded till June’14 in GoK

83

Density (Individual/M2)

Variation in species diversity and their composition of corals were recored in the different reefs of the GoK. Maximum species were recorded at Lakhu and Boria reef, followed by Kalubhar and Bhaidar. However, considering the density, it was higher in Lakhu, Pashu and Kalubhar reefs. Some of the Island shows higher species richness but low density such as Sikka reef, in contrary, some of the islands has low species richness and higher density such as Pashu. However, the species richness and density is in proportion.

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Considering the occurrence of the species and its composition, Shan ni Ani and Ajad islands were found to be similar with each other i.e. 97%, likewise, Sikka and Dwarka were also found to be similar with each other i.e. 92.3% (Fig.-4.5 and Annexure-4.6). The detailed similarity among the studied Islands till end of June’14 is given in Fig-4.5 and Annexure-4.6.

Fig.-4.6: Similarities among the Islands of GoK based on Species composition through Bray-Curtis Similarity Measure (Coral) iii. Distribution of dominant species Among all the speciesFavia favus, Porites compressa, Porites lutea, Pseudosiderastrea tayami and Turbinaria peltatawere found to be most occurring in the GoK with relative abundance 20.48%, 9.36%,8.74%, 11.69% and 1.51% respectively. Occurrence and relative abundance reveals that Favia favusis widely distributed species as well as most abundance in the GoK.

b. Vertebrates in Gulf of Kachchh 4.3.5. Herpetofaunal Profile in GoK Reptiles and amphibians are collectively known as dHerpetofauna. Herpetofauna constitutes essential biotic components of various ecosystems as they occupy a variety of niches (e.g. arboreal, aquatic, terrestrial and fossorial) perform distinctive ecological functions. They are also considered as bio-indicators of environment as they are sensitive towards the minor change in environment. Reptiles play an important role as primary, midlevel, and top consumers in an ecosystem which maintains the ecological food chain in many ecosystems, their diet of insects and small rodents contribute to control of these animals that are often thought of as pests in cropsand homes. 84

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Of the 9,596 reptilian species and 4,600 amphibian species that are currently known to inhabit the earth. Vyas (2007) stated that about 518 reptiles and 314 amphibiansare found in India. Alexandar&Jayakumar (2014) mentioned that Indian reptiles consist of about 500 taxa in numbers and according toMolur& Walker (1998) nearly 44% of the assessed reptiles are endemic to India. In Gujarat scenario, Vyas (2007) had mentioned that there are 107 reptilian and 22 amphibian species occur in the state. However, Singh (2001) has mentioned the total number of reptile species in the state of Gujarat is around 114 species. Some of the studies have been carried out on herpetofauna of the Gulf of Kachchh. However, those studies are restricted to the marine reptilian (turtles) species only. The studies of Bhaskar(1978), Kar and Bhaskar(1982) andBhaskar(1984) reveal the occurrence of Green Sea Turtles, Olive Ridley, Leatherback andHawksbill in the GoK. Jani and Mishra (2007) mentioned occurrence of seven species of reptiles in the Marine Protected Area (MPA). Of which, four species of sea snakes viz., Yellow Snake, Annulated Snake, Bombay sea snake, Many toothed snake whereas three species of turtle viz., Green Sea Turtle, Olive Ridley Turtle and Leather back turtle are recorded from the Park. Apart from these, they have also mentioned nine terrestrial reptilian species in the MPA. The present study focuses on baseline information of biodiversity of the Gulf of Kachchh. Therefore, the study covers three important major habitat niches in the Gulf of Kachchh viz., freshwater, terrestrial and marine, these habitatsare occupied by the herpetofauna in the GoK. 4.3.5.1 Efforts made For qualitative and quantitative assessment, observations are being carried out at the coastline, islands and offshore areas. Total 97 permanent transects have been laid along the coastline for faunal study of which observation have been made on 71 transects for herpetofaunatill end of June’14. Moreover, for qualitative assessment 46 sites of islands/reefs have been visited along with their areas along the high-tide line. For transect observation, a total of 47 field days have been spent by one person. 4.3.5.2 Results and Discussions On the basis of efforts made till end of June 2014 various preliminary results have been obtained. Some of the results are explained below:

85

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

i. Species Richness A total of 25 species of herpetofauna belonging to 15 families have been recorded from the study area with respect to efforts made. There is one another species which need to be identified. GEER (2004) and Jani & Mishra (2007) reported only 16 species in Marine Protected Area. Amphibians Only anurans (i.e., frogs and toads) represented from amphibians in the surveyed study area. Two species have been reported (see table 4.1). In the present study, these species have been recorded mainly in vicinity of freshwater habitats.

Table-4.1: Checklist of amphibians recorded in the study area SN

Species name

Scientific name

Family

Primary Habitat

Toad 1

Common toad

Indian Duttaphrynusmelanostictus

Bufonidae

Freshwater

Dicroglossidae

Freshwater

Frog 2

Indian bullfrog

Hoplobatrchustigerinus

Reptiles Total 23 species of reptiles (excluding 1 unidentified species) belonging to 21 genera and 13 families were recorded till end June, 2014from the studied area of GoK. Lizards and snakes constituted two major reptilian groups with 8 and 10 species, respectively. 4 species across 3 families formed the group of turtles & tortoises, whereas there was a single species/family of skink found in the study area. Out of the 8 species of lizards, 4 species belonged to the family Agamidae. Of the 10 species of snakes, 3species belonged to Colubridae family whereas2 species belonged to each of the families Elapidae, Boidae, and Hydrophidae (Table-4.2)

86

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Table-4.2: Checklist of reptiles recorded in the study area SN

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

Primary Habitat

Turtle & Tortoise 1

Indian Star Tortoise

Geocheloneelegans(Schoepff, 1795)

Testudinidae

Terrestrial

2

Indian Flap-shelled Turtle

Lissemyspunctata(Lacépède, 1788)

Trinychidae

Freshwater

3

Indian Soft-shell Turtle

Nilssoniagangetica(Cuvier, 1825) (Synonyms: Aspideretesgangeticus)

Trinychidae

Freshwater

4

Green Sea Turtle

Cheloniamydas (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chelonidae

Marine

Lacertidae

Terrestrial

Agamidae

Terrestrial

Lizards 5

Jerdon's Snake-eye

Ophisopsjerdonii (Blyth, 1853) Brachysaura minor (Hardwicke & Gray) [Synonyms: Laudakia minor (Hardwicke & Gray)]

6

Short-tailed Agama

7

Common Indian Monitor

VaranusBengalensis (Daudin, 1802)

Varanidae

Terrestrial

8

Hardwick’s Spinytailed Lizard

Uromastyxhardwickii(Gray)

Agamidae

Terrestrial

9

Eastern Garden / Changeable Lizard

Calotesversicolor(Daudin 1802)

Agamidae

Terrestrial

10

Fringed-toed Lizard

Acanthodactylus cantoris (Gunther)

Lacertidae

Terrestrial

11

Fan-Throated Lizard

Agamidae

Terrestrial

12

Bark Gecko

Gekkonidae

Terrestrial

Scincidae

Terrestrial

Sitanaponticeriana (Boulenger, 1918) Hemidactylusleschenaultii (Dumeril&Bibron 1836) Skink

13

Brahminy Skink (Keeled Indian Mabuya)

Mabuyacarinata (Schneider 1801)

87

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

SN

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

Primary Habitat

Colubridae

Freshwater

Viperidae

Terrestrial

Snakes Xenochrophispiscator

14

Checkered Keelback

15

Saw-scaled Viper

16

Trinket Snake

Elaphehelena(Smith 1943)

Colubridae

Terrestrial

17

Indian Spectacled Cobra

Najanaja(Günther, 1864)

Elapidae

Terrestrial

18

Common Krait

Elapidae

Terrestrial

19

Red Sand Boa

Eryxjohniissessed (Russell, 1801)

Boidae

Terrestrial

20

Banded-Racer Snake

Argyrogenafasciolata(Shaw, 1802)

Colubridae

Terrestrial

21

Yellow Sea Snake

Hydrophisspiralis(Shaw, 1802)

Hydrophidae

Marine

Boidae

Terrestrial

Hydrophidae

Marine

(Schneider, 1799) Echiscarinata (Duméril&Bibron, 1854)

Bungaruscaeruleus (Schneider, 1801)

Gongylophisconicus(Wagler, 1842) 22

Common Sand Boa

[Synonyms: Eryxconica, (Szyndlar&Schleich, 1994)]

23

Annulated Sea Snake

Hydrophiscyanocinctus

As 107 species of reptiles are known to occur in Gujarat, it can be implied that the GoK (studied area) is supporting 21.5% of reptilian species of Gujarat and furthermore, considering 129 herpetofaunal species of Gujarat, GoK supports 19.4% species of reptiles and amphibians. iii. Herpetofauna - Conservation status of species [IUCN, 2014 and IW(P)A, 1972] Out of the 25 recorded reptilian species from the GoK (studied area), three species are listed as Schedule-I animals of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Mohanty, 2010). According to IUCN status (Islam and Rahmani 2002), Green turle comes under Endangered category whereas Indian soft-shell turtle categories as Vulnerable and 11 are Least Concern. Remaining 11 species of the study are not listed in the IUCN List.

88

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

iv. Herpetofauna - Habitat types Herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) were found to be using primarily 3 kinds of major habitat types which were classified as terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats (Fig. 4.7). The largest group of 17 species (68%) was found to inhabit terrestrial habitats. Freshwater species were 5 (20%) whereas marine species were 3 (12%).

Freshwater 20%

Marine 12%

Terrestrial 68%

Fig.-4.7: Number and proportion of herpetofauna species with terrestrial and aquatic niches v. Relative abundance Of the total 25 species only 14 species were recorded on transects. As shown in Fig. 4.8 Common Garden Lizard, Fan-throated Lizard and Spiny-tailed Lizard were some of the abundant species in the study area. Among aquatic species, Indian Flap-shelled turtle was also foundrecurrently as compared to other species. Amphibians were more abundant as compared to snakes which were relatively rarely seen.

89

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK 25.0

23.7

Relative abundance 16.5 16.5

15.0

12.4

10.0

7.2

5.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Yellow Sea Snake

Un Lizard

1.0

Short-tailed Agama

4.1

Saw-scaled viper

5.0

8.2

Jerdon's Snake-eye

Relative abundance

20.0

Indian Flap-shelled Turtle

Indian Cobra

Indian bullfrog

Hardwick’s Spiny-tailed Lizard

Fan-Throated Lizard

Common Indian toad

Common Indian Monitor

Common Garden Lizard

Brahminy Skink

0.0

Species

Fig.-4.8: Relative abundance of herpetofauna in GoK (till end of June’14) vi. Frequency of occurrence and abundance As illustrated in Fig. 4.9 Common Garden Lizard and Fan-throated Lizard were some of the frequently encountered species in the study area. Of the studied 71 permanent transects Common Garden Lizard, Fan-throated Lizard and Common Indian Monitor were recorded on 23 and 15 transects respectively. Common Indian Monitor was comparatively less frequent (on 8 transects) compare to above two species. Among aquatic species, all species were seen equally frequently however relative abundance of Indian Flap-shelled turtle was found higher as compared to other species. Common Indian Toad, Indian Bullfrog and Spiny-tailed Lizard were also found to depict higher relative abundance inferring sharing of habitats across several organisms of same species.

90

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK 40.0

Relative abundance

30.0 22.5

25.0 16.9

20.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

Short-tailed Agama

Yellow Sea Snake

Un Lizard

2.8

Saw-scaled viper

2.8

Jerdon's Snake-eye

5.6

5.0

Indian Flapshelled Turtle

10.0

Indian Cobra

15.0

Indian bullfrog

Percentage

Frequency of occurrence

33.8

35.0

Common Garden Lizard Common Indian Monitor Common Indian toad Fan-Throated Lizard Hardwick’s Spinytailed Lizard

Brahminy Skink

0.0

Species

Fig. 4.9: Frequency of occurrence and Relative Abundance of herpetofauna in GoK (till end of June’14) vi. Marine herpetofauna profile As mentioned earlier that GoK supports the herpetofauna and provides three major habitat types, of which one is marine habitat. Many of the species such as four species of turtles and snakes are inhabited in the marine water. In the present study, Green Sea Turtle, Yellow Sea Snake, Annulated Sea Snake were found to be inhabitant of marine water. Apart from these, some of the species like Saw-scaled Viper were reported on islands. There are four of sea turtles are said to occur in Gujarat viz., Green Sea Turtles and Olive Ridley, Leatherback and Hawksbill. Of these, nesting of only Green Sea Turtles and Olive Ridley was documented (Bhaskar 1978, Kar and Bhaskar 1982, Bhaskar 1984), while leatherback and Hawksbill were occasionally sighted by local fishermen. In the present study, Green Sea Turtles was sighted at various locations in GoK. Nesting Status of sea turtles (based on secondary information) Many of the studies have been carried out for the study for nesting of marine turtles. Moreover, Gujarat Forest Department also collects data of nesting of sea turtles form Jamnagar coast as well as Kachchh coast. A small comparative account of nesting of Green Turtle and Olive Ridley is given below based on secondary information. Table-4.3 provides the details of nesting status of Turtlesin Kachchh and Jamnagar coast. 91

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Table-4.3: Species Specific Nesting Status (Secondary Data) Data Sources

Nature of Data

Data Year

Olive Ridley

Green turtle

Total

Kachchh Coast Sunderrajet al.

Nesting

2000-2001

61

0

61

Nesting

2004-05

17

2

19

Nesting

From 2007-08

0

68

68

2000-2001

90

234

324

2004-05

290

438

728

2012

15

76

91

2002 GSFD – Kachchh Circle GSFD – Kachchh Circle

to 2010-11

Jamnagar Coast (GoK & Saurashtra Coast) Sunderraj et al 2002

Nesting (one time survey)

Sunderraj et al 2006

Nesting data for 7 index beaches and one year monitoring

Sunderraj & Monitoring Somasundaram of six (2012) beaches for four months 4.3.6. Avian Profile in the GoK

Avifaunal diversity is one of the most important ecological indicators for evaluating habitat quality. Uninhibited destruction of natural habitats is forcing birds to take refuge in isolated pockets of habitats for foraging and nesting. Birds have active functional roles 92

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

in ecosystems as pollinators and scavengers and thus are worthy bio-indicators. They form an essential link in the ecological web and their conservation priority is paramount. It is a basic requirement in ecology and conservation science to do qualitative and quantitative assessment of the study area. The data acquired through field work from ICZM project will be a determining factor in designing conservation strategies for the avifauna found in the GoK area. 4.3.6.1. Efforts In present study, observations were carried out at the coastline, islands and offshore areas during three seasons: summer, monsoon and winter; 97 permanent transects were laid along the coastline for the summer season. For the winter and monsoon observations, respectively 44 and 31 transects were walked till the end of June. 4.3.6.2. Results and discussion i. Species Richness A total of 526 species (confirmed) are recorded in Gujarat State, of which, 224 (i.e., 40.3 %) bird species were recorded in the Gulf of Kachchh till end of June’14. Jani & Mishra (2007) reported 299 species in MPA. Moreover, of the total 247 truly migratory (extralimital migrants) and resident-migratory species recorded in the State (Parasharya et al., 2004), 106 (i.e., 42.9%) species were recorded in the GoK area. In Gujarat, there are total 35 species of birds comes under various status of conservation concerned i.e. IUCN Threatened species criteria, per Schedule-1 criterion of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1982. Of the total, 14 are Vulnerable, 2 are Endangered, 6 are Critically Endangered as per IUCN (Islam and Rahmani 2002) and 10 are Schedule-1 as per IW (P)A, 1972 (Mohanty, 2010). In the GoK, 1 species is Critically Endangered, 5 species are Vulnerable and 11 species are Neat Threatened. Likewise, 8 species are Schedule –I 1 as per IW (P)A, 1972 (Mohanty, 2010). Pallied Harrier and Macqueen's Bustard are the Schedule-I species which categorized Near Threatened and Vulnerable respectively. A total of 224 species belonging to 61 families were recorded in the study area (Annexure 4.7). As 526 species of birds have been recorded in Gujarat state, (Parasharya et al., 2004), it can be considered that the GoK is supporting 40.3% of the total bird species of the state till end of June’14. Such a noticeable contribution to the state’s avifauna by the GoK can be well-justified considering the fact that the GoK is located in migratory pathway and is known to be an Important Bird Area (IBA) site of 93

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Gujarat. Among the 61 families, Accipitridae family (i.e. family of raptors/birds of prey except falcons), Anatidae (i.e. family of ducks and geese) and Scolopacidae family (i.e., shorebirds; a group of wetland dependent small waders) were represented by maximum number of species (i.e., 15, 14 and 13 species respectively). ii. Terrestrial birds and waterbirds The area under the study of the GoK is predominantly an assemblage of habitat coastal wetland and terrestrial forms. Due to this, the avian profile of the region is characterized by the co-existence of terrestrial and aquatic avifauna. The present study revealed that four kinds of birds occurred in this area from the viewpoint of terrestrial/aquatic niches. These were; obligatorily terrestrial birds, obligatorily aquatic birds, primarily aquatic but secondarily terrestrial birds and primarily terrestrial but secondarily aquatic birds (Fig. 4.10).Fig. 4.10shows that of all (i.e., 224) species of birds recorded in GoK, 120 species (i.e., 53% species) were obligatorily terrestrial and 92 (i.e., 41% species) were obligatorily aquatic. Five species (i.e., 2% species) were primarily aquatic but secondarily terrestrial (e.g. Cattle Egret, Black Ibis, Demoiselle Crane, Common Crane, Red-Wattled Lapwing) and 7 species (3%) were primarily terrestrial, but secondarily aquatic (e.g. Greater Spotted Eagle, Eurasian Marsh Harrier, Pallas's Fish Eagle, Osprey, White-Throated Kingfisher, Common Kingfisher, Pied Kingfisher). 140

120

Number of Species

120 100

92

80 60 40 20

5

7

0 Obligatorily aquatic

Obligatorily terrestrial

Primarily aquatic but Primarily secondarily terrestrial, but terrestrial secondarily aquatic

Habitat niche

Fig.-4.10: Number of bird species with terrestrial and aquatic niches recorded till end of June’14

94

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

iii. Resident and migratory birds Of all the 224 bird-species recorded in the GoK, 117 (i.e., 52%) species were resident for the Indian Subcontinent, 94 species (i.e., 42%) were extra-limital migrants, 12 species (i.e., 5%) were resident with migratory population and one species is vagrant (i.e. Sociable Lapwing) in the GoK (Fig. 4.11). Thus, in GoK, there is a predominance of the bird species that can utilize the area throughout the year. Moreover, number (i.e., 94) and proportion (i.e., 42%) of migratory bird species is also considerable (i.e., 42% vs. 52%). Thus, it can be inferred that GoK is valuable for both, resident and migratory avifauna.

Resident 52%

Migratory 42%

Vagrant 1%

Resident with migratory population 5%

Fig. 4.11: Number of bird species with migratory status recorded till end of June’14 iv. Feeding habit The bird species recorded during the present study were categorized as per their feeding niche and it was found that they belonged to three major categories, i.e., carnivore, herbivore and omnivore. However, carnivore are further split into pure Carnivore, Piscivores and Insectivores, similarly, herbivores are split into Granivores, Frugivores, and Nectar Feeding. It was revealed that maximum number of bird species were carnivores (i.e., 71 species), followed by insectivores (i.e., 55 species) and Omnivores (i.e., 51 species). Contrary, only 6 species were Frugivores and one species was Nectar Feeding (i.e. Purple Sunbird) (Fig. 4.12).

95

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

70

71 55

60

51

50 40 30

23

20

17 6

10

Frugivores

Granivores

Piscivores

Omnivores

Insectivores

Carnivores

0

1 Nector Feeding

Number of Species

80

Feeding habit

Fig. 4.12: Proportion of bird species according to feeding habit v. Distribution of threatened species As per the IUCN (2014) three species viz., Dalmatian Pelican, Macqueen's Bustard, Pallas's Gull are Vulnerable and one species i.e. Sociable Lapwing is Critically Endangered. Among all four species abundance of Dalmatian Pelican was found higher widely distributed in the studied area.So far total 298 individuals of Dalmatian Pelican were recorded with average of 14.9 ±22.8 (SD) group sizes ranging from 1 individual to 98 individual from the different site of GoK.They were found to be distributed in the southern part of GoK. However, by applying same efforts at northern side would change the scenario of potential sites. One individual of Macqueen's Bustard (VU & Sch-I) and Sociable Lapwing were sighted only at one place whereas Pallas's Gull was sighted at two places (Map-4.1). As per Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Eurasian Marsh Harrier, Eurasian Spoonbill, Indian Peafowl, Montagu's Harrier, Osprey, Pallied Harrier, Macqueen's Bustard and Peregrine Falcon are Schedule-I species.Among all sevenspecies abundance of Eurasian Spoonbillwas found higher in the studied area.So far total 663 individuals of Eurasian Spoonbillwere recorded with average of 25.5 ± 65.5 (SD) group sizes ranging from 1 individual to 335 individual from the different site of GoK. Eurasian Marsh Harrier and Eurasian Spoonbill were found to be widely distributed the GoK (Map-4.2).

96

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Map- 4.1: Distribution of “threatened” (as per IUCN-2014) species (digits indicates number of birds)

Map- 4.2: Distribution of “threatened” (as per IW(P)A, 1972) species (digits indicates number of birds)

97

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

vi. Abundance of birds (till end of June’14) Absolute abundance were carried out through transect and point based observation at permanent sites. Total 11 species were recorded with greater than 500 individuals, likewise, 47 species having the abundance between 499 and 100 individuals. Remaining species were less 100 individual in the sampling area of GoK. Among all the species maximum abundance was observed of Little Ringed Plover with 18,079 individual, followed by Eurasian Curlew (2,425 individual). 4.3.7. Mammalian Profile in the GoK Mammals modify vegetation structure in ecosystems, alter pathways of nutrients, and significantly impact species composition in the landscape. For this reason and owing to their large-scale structuring effects, large mammals are often called ‘ecological landscapers’. Such a role also makes them prime candidates as ‘umbrella species’ for conservation (Sinclair, 2003). Small mammals too influences ecosystem by exerting predatory pressure on other animals, and by providing food for predators (Carolyn, 1987). Mammals occupy various niches in an ecosystem such as terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal, aerial, fossorial and speluncean (Menon, 2003). In spite of having such a diverse niche adaptability, mammals all over the world face habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from burgeoning needs of the human population, enormous fodder and fuel requirements, increasing timber needs, industrialization and unsustainable developmental projects (Menon, 2003). Quantifying biodiversity in present world is, hence, an important aspect of conservation as it helps broaden our understanding of the ecology. For most populations, complete censuses are not feasible, and abundance estimates are based on sampling methods like line transect sampling method that is widely used (Buckland et al., 2001). The mammal data on the 2008 IUCN Red Data List includes 5488 species (including Homo sapiens), 412 sub species and 21 sub population. The Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India has listed 397 species belonging to 180 genera, 42 families and 13 order in the Indian Union (Singh 2013). Menon (2003) described 406 species of Indian mammals and a book on Mammals of South Asia mentioned 426 species of Indian mammals (Lydekker 1907). Singh (2001) and Menon (2003) descried 115 species mammals in Gujarat of which 103 wild and 12 domestic species. Singh (2013) cited the mammals stands for 110 species (117 with subspecies), which include 6 extinct species. Thus, 104 wild (111 with subspecies) and 12 domestic species mammals exist in Gujarat. 98

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Marine mammals globally accounting to 119 species, includes 31 species from theIndian Sea. The Cetacea (Whales, dolphins and porpoises), Sirena (Sea Cow) and Pinnipedia (seals, sea-lions and walruses) represent the main group of marine mammals. Of these Pinnipedia are not found in the Indian Sea (Singh 2003). In absence of proper survey and study in sea water of Gujarat, it is difficult to describe status of sea mammals, although several of them use Gujarat sea water and some pass through the area. Some of the species have been recorded in the Arabian Sea near Mumbai, Gujarat Coast, Karachi, Persian Gulf and near Gujarat coast (Singh 2013). 4.3.7.1 Efforts In present study, observations were carried out at the coastline, islands and offshore areas during three seasons: summer, monsoon and winter; 97 permanent transects were laid along the coastline for the summer season. For the winter and monsoon observations, respectively 44 and 31 transects were walked till the end of June. For marine mammals, marine paths were decided to take observation at sea surface. 4.3.7.2. Results and discussion i. Species Richness A total of 25 mammal species were recorded through direct and indirect evidences from the GoK, which belong to 8 orders and 17 families. Considering total 104 wild mammals of Gujarat according to Singh (2013), the GoK represented 24.03% species richness. These species richness includes both preliminary terrestrial and preliminary aquatic mammals. A total of 22 species is cited GEER (2004) and 21 species by Jani & Mishra (2007). As per IUCN (2014), globally, of the recorded species Indian Wild Ass listed as Endangered and Dugong and Finless porpoise are categorized under vulnerable species whereas Striped Hyena and Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin have been considered as Near Threatened species. Remaining species are Least Concern as per IUCN (2014). According to Indian Wildlife Protection (Act), 1972 seven species are Schedule-I, another seven are Schedule-II, three species Schedule-III, five species Schedule-IV and three species Schedule–V (Mohanty, 2010) (Table 4.4). Of the total species Indian Wild Ass, Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin, Finless porpoise and Dugong are listed as Schedule-I as well as “threatened” species (i.e. Endangered/Critically Endangered/Vulnerable) as per IW(P)A 1972 and IUCN(2014) respectively.

99

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Recently, regional status of mammals was given by Singh (2013). Though some of the reported species are globally Least Concern as per IUCN, they are Threatened of Near Threatened for Gujarat state according to Singh (2013) (Table-4.4). Table-4.4: Checklist of mammals recorded in sampling area of GoK

Sr. No.

Species Name

Scientific Name

IUCN Status

IW(P)A 1972 Status

Regional Status (Gujarat State)

Family: Felidae 1

Jungle Cat

Felis chaus

LC

SCH-II

NT

Family: Canidae 2

Jackal

Canis aureus

LC

SCH-II

NT

3

Indian Wolf

Canis lapus

LC

SCH-I

VU

4

Indian Fox

Vulpes bengalensis

LC

SCH-II

LC

Hyaena hyaena

NT

SCH-III

VU

Family: Hyaenidae 5

Striped Hyena

Family: Herpestidae LC

6

Small Indian Mongoose

7

Common Mongoose

Herpestes edwardsii

LC

SCH-II

8

Ruddy Mongoose

Herpestes smithii

LC

SCH-II

LC

Viverricula indica

LC

SCH-II

LC

Herpestes javanicus

LC

SCH-II LC

Family: Viveridae 9

Small Indian Civet

Family: Bovidae LC

10

Bluebull

Boselaphus tragocamelus

11

Chinkara

Gazella bennettii

LC

SCH-I

VU

Sus scrofa

LC

SCH-III

LC

LC

SCH-III

Family: Suidae 12

Indian Wild Boar

100

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Sr. No.

Species Name

Scientific Name

IUCN Status

IW(P)A 1972 Status

Regional Status (Gujarat State)

Family: Equidae 13

Indian Wild Ass

Equus hemionus khur

EN

SCH -I

VU

LC

SCH -IV

LC

Family: Erinaceidae 14

Indian Hedgehog

Hemiechinus micropus

15

Long-Eared Hedgehog

Hemiechinus auritus

NT LC

SCH -IV

Lepus nigricollis

LC

SCH-IV

LC

Dugong dugon

VU

SCH-I

CR

Family: Leporidae 16

Indian Hare

Family: Dugongidae 17

Dugong

Family: Delphinidae 18

Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin

DD Sousa chinensis

NT

SCH-I

Megaptera novaengliae

LC

SCH-I

Neophocaena phocaenoides

VU

SCH-I

Hystrix indica

LC

SCH-IV

Family: Balaenopteridae 19

Humpback whale

DD

Family: Phocoenidae 20

Finless porpoise

VU

Family: Hystricidae 21

Indian Porcupine

LC

Family: Sciuridae 22

Five-Striped Palm Squirrel

Funambulus pennantii

LC LC

SCH-IV

Family: Muridae 23

Indian Gerbille

Tatera indica

LC

SCH-V

LC

24

Indian Mole Rat

Bandicota bengalensis

LC

SCH-V

LC

25

Field Mouse

Mus booduga

LC

SCH-V

LC

LC = Least Concern, EN=Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened 101

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

ii. Feeding niches During the present study the mammalian species recorded were classified based on their feeding niches/habits. It was observed that 12 species (48%) were carnivores, 9 species (36%) were herbivorous and 4 species (16%) were omnivores. The carnivorous species included members of Canidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Viveridae, Hyaenidae, Erinaceidae, Delphinidae, Balaenopteridae whereas herbivorous species included members of Bovidae, Leporidae, Equidae, Muridae, Sciuridae, Dugongidae. Members of Suidae, Canidae, Hystricidae, Phocoenidae were those having omnivorous feeding niche/habits. Omnivores 16%

Carnivores 48%

Herbivores 36%

Fig.-4.13: Species composition based on feeding habit of animals iii. Abundance and Frequency of occurrence of mammals (terrestrial) Abundance of a species is a measure of commonness or rarity of the species in relation to other species in a defined location or community (Hubbell, 2001). It is determined by calculating the ratio of number of individuals of the species under investigation and that of all the species recorded in the community/habitat and then expressing that ratio as percentage. Absolute abundance was measured, till end of June’14 in the area of 500m landward from HTL. Maximum Absolute abundance was found of Blue bull (284 indv.), followed by Indian Wild Ass (59 indv.) and Indian Jackal (47 indv.). Indian Hare, Indian Wild Boar, Chinkara, Grey Mongoose and Small Indian Mongoose were relatively less abundant (Fig.-4.14). Along with absolute density, frequency of occurrence was also found out based on direct and indirect evidences. Indian Hare was found to be widely distributed, it was 102

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

encountered 66 transect of the total 97, followed by Jackal on transects 63 and Bluebull on 56 transects. Frequency of Jungle Cat and Rat/Mouse was also higher i.e. 34 and 31 respectively. However, Indian Wild Boar, Chinkara, Common Mongoose, Small Indian Mongoose, Indian Fox, Indian Wolf and Indian Hyena were relatively less frequent. Likewise, Five-striped palm squirrel, Hedgehog and Pale hedgehog were least frequent (Fig.-4.15). Measurement of absolute abundance and frequency of occurrence reveals that some of the species such as Blue bull and Jackal were abundant as well as widely distributed. However, the species such as Indian Here, Jungle Cat were less abundant but distributed in much of the area. However, the species like Indian Wild Ass were observed in the numbers but restricted to some areas. As a part of the present study, field work is going on till December 2014; hence, the status of all the species may change. 284

300

Absolute abundance

200 150 100

1

9

3

Indian Gerbille

Indian Mole Rat

1

Pale Hedgehog

32

Five-striped Palm Squirrel

26

Indian Hare

23

Indian Wild Boar

Bluebull

Indian Wild Ass

12

Small Indian Mongoose

21

Grey Mongoose

0

4

Indian Wolf

3

Jackal

5

Chinkara

59

47

Indian Fox

50

Jungle Cat

Number

250

Name of species

Fig.-4.14: Abundance of wild mammals observed in study area

103

Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK 66

60

63

56

50 40

34

31

Name of species

7

Rat/mouse

Pale hedgehog

Jungle cat

Jackal

1

7

Striped hyena

9

Small Indian…

12

Indian wolf

6

Indian wild boar

Indian mole rat

Indian hare

Indian gerbille

6

Indian Wild Ass

12

1 Grey mongoose

Chinkara

0

five striped palm…

1

12 11

Hedgehog

10

12

Indian fox

15

20

Indian porcupine

30

Bluebull

Number of occurences

70

Fig.-4.15: Frequency of occurrence of wild mammals (terrestrial) observed in study area iv. Marine mammals In the present study, total four species were recorded till end of June’14. Of which two species viz., Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and Finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) were recorded through direct sighting whereas Dugong (Dugong dugon) and Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) were reported through stranding records. Most occurring species in the study area was Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin. Stranded animal information Stranded animal information help to know the species occurrence, partially distribution pattern and much information related to causes of death. On the coast of Gulf of Kachchh (both southern and northern) many stranded animals have been reported. The information of such reports is given below: Dugong: Records of Dugong were mainly from southern part of GoK, especially the Okha and Bet Dwarka. On 15th January 2010, a dead dugong was stranded at the coast of Bet Dwarka. Likewise, on 2nd January 2013 dead specimen of Dugong was reported on Mithapur (Lat. 220 24.127 N, Long. 0690 12.496 E), Okha. It was female and about 9.5m (285cm) long and 650kg.

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Marine and Coastal Fauna of GoK

Humpback whale: A live specimen of Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) was found in the coast of Bhachau (northern part of GoK) on 2nd January 2013. It was approximately 20 feet long and 1300 kg in weight. The rescued animal was released back to the sea by the staff of Forest Department and villagers. The live record of Humpback whale reveals the occurrence of the species in Arabian Sea. Trail observations: Marine mammal observations were possible through mainly sightings at surface when they come to breath. For the observation, 13 trails were decided at different location in Gulf of Kachchh. The survey was carried out mainly in southern Gulf of Kachchh (i.e. between Okha to Pirotan Island). So far, of the total recorded marine mammals, IndoPacific Humpbacked Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) were recorded through direct sighting. Finless porpoise: In the present study, the species was recorded at once during high tide in between Salaya and Kalubhar Island on 3rd November 2012. Once, it came to the surface for breathing purpose and went back to water. By interviewing the fishermen, it was known that the species is observed many times in the Gulf. Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin: In the present study, total 46 individuals of the specie were directly sighted through trail observations. The species are generally found in groups. Maximum individuals (n=12) were recorded in the high tide area in vicinity of Dedeka-Mundeka and Goose by carrying out three efforts. There were maximum 3 individual and minimum 1 individual in a group and average group size in the area was 2.2 ± 0.84. Likewise, 12 individual were also observed in the high tide in vicinity of Poshitra and Paga. There were maximum 3 individual and minimum 1 individual and average group size was 1.17 indv. (SD= ± 0.95). Apart from these, the species was observed in high tide of Pirotan, Dedeka-Mundeka, Kalubhar, Sikka and Goose. In general, the average group size found to be 1.66 indv. (SD= ± 0.83).

105

Chapter-5 Experimental Coral Transplantation 5.1 INTRODUCTION The third component of the ICZMP is to carry out coral restoration and regeneration work in the Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) in Jamnagar District of Gujarat. There were two sites selected as recipient site for restoration of locally available coral Genus i.e. Favia and Porites at Goose and Narara reef area for the component. For this purpose, Bhaidar, Poshitra and Boria were selected as Donor sites for the collection of coral fragments. Coral reefs of the GoK are one of the four major coral reefs in India. In the past, these reefs were exploited by the cement industries to meet the calcium requirements. As per the available scientific reports, this reef system lies in an area which is under speedy urbanization and industrialization. The coral reefs of GoK therefore, face a serious threat by anthropogenic pressures. GoK has been reported to have 60 hard corals and 10 soft coral species cumulatively (Pillai & Patel 1988; Venkatraman et al. 2003; Satyanarayana & Ramakrishna 2009). Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed and transplantation is a technique used in ecological restoration (Edwards & Gomez 2006). The abundance of some locally available species such as Porites, Favia can be enlarged through transplantation. Such efforts of coral transplantation will not only improve the coral density but may also lead to new reef formations in future. Further, the Marine National Park and Sanctuary in the Gulf of Kachchh is one of the richest fishing areas for the coastal community. Diverse fishes, prawns, shrimps, crabs and lobsters are rich in these reefs of the GoK. Corals serve as nursery grounds for these commercially important marine resources. Thus coral transplantation will have a great socio economic and ecological significance also. Besides, it will have a great research, demonstration and academic value.

5.2 SUMMARY Under the ICZM project, GEER Foundation has been sanctioned to carry out experimental coral transplantation of locally abundant as well as extinct Acropora sp. in the Gulf of Kachchh (GoK). The previous report (i.e. Fifth interim report, February 2014) submitted to the SPMU wasof the period July 2013 to January 2014; hence the current report is of the duration January to June, 2014.During this period, the transplantation of

Experimental Coral Transplantation

250 coral fragments belonging to four locally available species was carried out at Goose reef. Monitoring exercises were subsequently performed for all the transplanted corals at Narara (phase I & II) and at Goose (Phase - III). However,the data of previous years 2012-13 has also been mentioned for reference.

5.3 BACKGROUND Phase – I (2011-12), an experiment of coral transplantation of four locally available species viz. Favia favus, Favia speciosa, Porites lutea and Porites compressa were carried out by the GEER Foundation. In Phase-I total 250 fragments from the donor sites Poshitra and Bhaidar were selected and transplanted to the recipient site Narara reef. Out of total, 235 fragments were tied independently to cement blocks, popularly known as paver blocks using thread. All these blocks were tied to iron frames, which were deployed at a tidal pool near the reef edge at Narara. Total seven frames were deployed at Narara. Remaining 15 fragments were larger in size and it was difficult to handle on iron frame therefore, they were deployed in the tidal pool without the iron frame. The donor and the recipient sites were selected through secondary Foundation data, intensive feasibility study. In the Phase-II (2012-13), total 125 coral fragments with same species which selected in Phase-I and were deployed near to Phase-I location at the Narara reef edge. Total 7 frames were deployed and numbers of fragments were reduced in compare to phase – I (i.e. 17-18 fragments/frame) to strengthening the frame in tidal current of seawater. In this phase-II experiment, Boria was selected as donor site. The coral transplantation of Phase-III (2013-14), has been carried out at Goose reef near to Sikka coast in February, 2014. Total 250 coral fragments of four different species Favia favus, Favia speciosa, Porites lutea and Porites compressa were selected in the phase– III and 14 frames were deployed with reducing the base of the frame at Goosereef. After three successful phases of locally abundant coral species transplantation at two sites for transplantation activity in the GoK, the draft of the “Coral Transplantation Protocol”has been prepared and was submitted to the concerned PEAs and the SPMUGujarat. The protocol includes design of the feasibility studies to identify donor and recipient sites, methodology for transplantation, identification keys of important corals of the GoK, actions for monitoring and protection and do’s & don’ts for better results.

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Experimental Coral Transplantation

5.4 RECENT ACTIVITIES During this phase (January – June 2014), there were mainly sixmajor activities classified in to two major heads in the component, which are as follows: (Field Work and Training & Documentation)

5.5 FIELD WORK 1. Monitoring:Coral TransplantationPhase-I & II at Recipient site - Narara reef; 2. Coral transplantation: Phase – III (Feb, 2014) at Goose reef; 3. Identification of recipient sites:Transplantation phase IV, to be taken up in October/November 2014; 4. Analysis of sediments: Recipient site- Narara. TRAINING AND DOCUMENTATION 5. Transplantation Protocol: Preparation & submission of the protocol. 6. Training: Training to the MNP & S staff for the coral transplantation During this period, total 102 man-days were utilised in 33 field days. Table-5.1: Field visits under Coral transplantation component



Duration

Jan-Dec, 2012

Jan-Dec, 2013

Jan-June, 2014

Total

No. of field Days

60

53

33

146

Man-days

224

169

102

495

Monitoring of transplanted corals at both sites was carried out on monthly basis. Total seven field visits were made in six months of this period included monitoring, protection and transplantation exercise. The monitoring exercise included following steps: o

Observations: Some of the special characters were noted in the transplanted corals i.e. bleaching, disease, mortality, fish bite etc.

o

Tagging: The fragments were tagged independently in all frames during Feb2014 transplantation exercise. 109

Experimental Coral Transplantation

o

Measurement: As feasible to the field condition, the maximum length was measured of the transplanted fragment.

o

Protection: To protect the transplanted coral in the in-situ condition such activities were carried during each visit i.e. removal of algae, sediments from the frames as well as corals fragments.

5.6 MONITORING 5.6.1 Monitoring :Phase– ICoral Transplantation As per the monitoring of June ‘14 total 58 fragments were found live in total six frames out of 235 transplanted, calculating the survival rate to be 24.68%. The low mortality is due to the predicted vandalism on the frames in the months of March - April 2014. Table-5.2: Species wise survival of fragments Phase-I (March’ 2012) Species

Total Deployed

Surviving (as of June’14)

Mortality (to date)

Favia favus

29

2

27

Favia speciosa

42

9

33

Porites lutea

121

39

82

Porites compressa

37

8

29

Others

6

0

6

235

58

177

Total

As per the total deployed fragments of Phase-Ii.e. 235, the total surviving fragments are 58 (June ’14). Themortality rate is higher in Favia sp. then Porites sp.

110

Experimental Coral Transplantation

58

Total 0

Others Porites compressa

6 8

Species

Porites lutea

37 39

9

Favia speciosa 2

Favia favus 0

235

121

42 29 50

Total Coral fragments Survive

100

150

200

250

No of fragments Total Deployed Coral fragments

Fig.-5.1Specieswise surviving fragments - Phase I (Till June 2014) As per shown in Fig.-5.1, the comparison of deployed fragments,species specific surviving fragments of Phase-I.

Summer

Monsoon

Winter

1%

48%

51%

Fig.-5.2 Seasonal mortality (%) – Phase I

111

Experimental Coral Transplantation

Fig-5.2 shows the seasonal mortality (%) of Phase-I. Thus it can be seen that in summer and monsoon maximum mortality wasobserved. 5.6.2 Seasonal Mortality and Survival (Phase-I) 

The mortality was high in the monsoon and summer season.



The major cause of mortality was physical damage due to the seasonal impact to the frames and fragments resulted due to high wave action and greater current velocity.



Some other human interruption such as tourists, fishermen, participantsof Camp etc were observed near the frames.



Vandalism might have caused greater mortalities in the months of August 2013 and April 2014.



Other causes were bleaching of corals, fish predations, sedimentation and algal growth on the blocks on which corals was transplanted.



Algal growth on the frames was observed from October2013 to May 2014. 56

Mortality (Numbers)

60 50 40 30 20 10

Summer

33 24

Winter

19

16 9

9 2

Monsoon

9 0

0

0

3 4

0

0 Favia favus

Favia speciosa

Porites lutea

Porites Other Spieces compressa

Spieces Fig.-5.3 Species specific Seasonal Mortality (Phase I) As shown in Fig.-5.3, morality of the species deployed in Phase – I is higher in Summer and Monsoon. 112

Experimental Coral Transplantation

5.7 Monitoring-Phase II Transplantation The monitoring (June 14), total 58 fragments were found alive on seven frames, calculating the survival rate to be 54.4%. Table-5.3: List of surviving fragments Phase-II (Monitoring data) Species

Total Deployed

Surviving (as of June’14)

Favia favus

16

7

Favia speciosa

48

20

Porites lutea

30

17

Porites compressa

31

13

125

57

Total

The above table depict that in Phase II a total of 125 fragments were deployed and as per monitoring data total of 57 fragments are live. Fig-5.4: Total fragments surviving till June 2014 (Phase II) 18

Species

Porites compressa

31

13

Porites lutea

30 28

Favia speciosa 9

Favia favus 0

10

48

16 20

30

40

50

60

No. of fragments Total Coral fragments Surviving

Total Deployed Coral fragments

Fig.-5.4 shows the deployed versus surviving fragments based on the species.

113

Experimental Coral Transplantation

2%

98% Summer

Monsoon

Winter

Fig.-5.5: Seasonal mortality (%) – Phase II Fig-5.5 shows the 98% mortality occurred during summer season only in the Phase II 25 20 20

18

15

13

Summer Monsoon

10

Winter 6

5

0 Favia favus

Favia speciosa

Porites lutea

Porites compressa

Fig.-5.6: Species specific Seasonal Mortality in Transplanted species (Phase II) Fig-5.6 shows that in all the species mortality was recorded in the summer season 5.7.1 Seasonal Mortality and Survival (Phase-II) 

Total 125 fragments were deployed of which only 68 are surviving.



High loss of coral fragments were observed during April 2014, total of 46 fragments were lost. 114

Experimental Coral Transplantation



The major cause of such mortality was physical damage due to un-known possible vandalism.



Algal growth on the frames was observed from February to May (2014)

5.8 MAJOR FINDINGS Table-5.4: Survival of coral fragments at Narara (Phase I & II) Phase

Deployed Fragments

Jul'12

Nov'12

Mar'13

Jul'13

Nov'13

Mar'14

Jun'14

Phase-I

235 (March-12)

184

169

160

156

123

128

58

Phase-II

125 (March- 13)

-

-

125

123

114

114

68

Total

360

126

Based on the June 2014 monitoring, at Narara, 126 total fragments are surviving at the site out of 360 deployed.

Total Coral Fragments

250 200 150 100 Phase-I

50

Phase-II

0

Fig-5.7: Survival of coral fragments at Narara (Phase I & II) 

Total 47 fragments have shown radial growth by covering the thread used for tying the fragment. The growth in Porites lutea and Porites compressa was very good as compared with other transplanted coral species i.e. Favia speciosa and Favia favus.



Some of the fragments of Porites lutea have been showing extra ordinary growth i.e. on the cement block and on the thread radial reaching to 80 mm with an 115

Experimental Coral Transplantation

average growth rate of 40 mm/year. Such growth is greater than the natural i.e. 8 to 10 mm /yr (Tanzil et al. 2009). 

It has been observed that the larger fragments with size greater than 10cm were showing healthy growth in transplantation.



Associated fauna was abundant at Narara after transplantation.



Some signs of partial bleaching and fish biting were observed, especially in Porites lutea.



There were two major losses of fragments which affected the mortality of the fragments. During August (2013) damages were observed in Frame No. 1 and 2 of Phase-I and there were 15 fragments recovered out of 42 fragments deployed (Loss of 27 fragments).



During April 2014 visit; the team has recorded loss of 43 fragments in phase – I and 34 fragments in phase – II. Table-5.5: List of other marine fauna encountered near to frames area during monitoring

SN

Class

Scientific Name

Popular Name

1

Calcarea

Sponge sp.

Sponge

2

Gastropoda

Erroniaonyx

Cowrie

3

Gastropoda

Murex sp.

Spined shell

4

Gastropoda

Turbo brunneus

Turban shell

5

Gastropoda

Turbo intercostalis

Turban shell

6

Gastropoda

Trochusradiatus

Top shell

7

Gastropoda

Chicoreusbrunneus

Murex shell

8

Gastropoda

Erosarriaocellata

Cowrie

9

Pisces

Chelonodonsp.

Puffer fish

10

Pisces

Plotosuslineatus

Cat fish

11

Pisces

Pomacanthusannularis

Butterfly fish

12

Pisces

Neotrygonkuhlii

Sting ray

13

Pisces

Epinepheluscoioides

Orange spotted grouper

116

Experimental Coral Transplantation

5.9 CORAL TRANSPLANTATION PHASE III Coral transplantation of Phase-III was carried out into month of February 2014 by GEER Foundation. During phase-III Boria was selected as donor site. For this, the donor site was decided from the previous observations i.e.quadrates, live coral cover, etc. From donor site Boria 250 coral fragments belonging to two genus Favia and Porites were collected for the transplantation. Among all 250 coral fragments, 125 coral fragments of Favia sp. and 125 fragments of Porites sp. were collected. Goose was selected as recipient site. Total 14 frames have been deployed at Goose. Two monitoring exercise have been taken up for the monitoring. In this phase the recipient substrate height i.e. the height of the iron frame was reduced to 6 inches. Total fragments = 250;

Number of frames = 14

Donor site = Boria;

Recipient site = Goose

Table-5.6: Details of the collected fragments Transect No.

Corals of opportunity

Loose full colonies

Artificially Breakage of Large colonies

Favia

13

76

0

89

Porites

18

29

10

57

Favia

17

17

0

34

Porites

35

25

10

70

Total

83

147

20

250

Percent composition

33.2%

58.8%

8%

1

2

Genus

Sub total

Total 146

104

250

Details on the Area calculations Total Transects = 2

(Start - 22023’15.8”N 69015’05.8”E; End - 22023’04.9”N 69015’06.9”E) (Start - 22023’06.2”N 69015’07.9”E; End - 22023’03.6”N 69015’05.9”E)

Average length of transect = 270 meters Average width of transect = 25 meters Total area coverage = 13,500 m2 Total fragments collected = 250 Per fragment area observed = 54 m2 Total frames deployed = 14 Size of the frame = 1 x 1 meter Total area occupied by the frames = 14 m2 Area coverage in the tidal pool = 900 m2 117

Experimental Coral Transplantation

Table-5.7: Survival of coral fragments at Goose (Phase III) Phase

Phase-III

Deployed Fragments 250 (Feb-14)

-

-

-

-

-

Feb'14

Jun'14

250

221

As per the June 2014 data, total 221 fragments are surviving at Goose out of 250 deployed. 5.9.1 Deployment of sediment traps Sedimentation is one of the key factors, impacting the coral health (Phillip &Fabricius 2003). To analyse the sedimentation rate at the donor site Narara, two sediment traps were deployed (English et al. 1997), and sedimentation rate was calculated.

Table-5.8: Sedimentation data Sr. No.

Sediment Traps (ST)

1 2

1 ST - 1 (Towards Coast, Phase-II)

3 4 5 6

Cylinder Number

Avg. (cm)

GPS Point

8.3

N22°29’116” E69°42’931”

17.6

N22°29’139” E69°42’925”

Cylinder was found damaged

2

7

3

9.6

1

18

2

Cylinder was found damaged

3

17.3

ST - 2 (Towards reef Edge, Phase-I)

Readings (cm)

Sedimentation rate was calculated as both the sediment traps (placed near phase-I frame and phase-II).  One cylinder from both the sediment traps was found damaged during monitoring. Sedimentation Rate of Sediment Trap 1= ∏r²h/ days (Towards Coast, Phase-II) 2014)

= 3.14 X 3.4² X 8.3/20 (From 12thJune to 2ndJuly,

= 15.063 cm3 / day

118

Experimental Coral Transplantation

Sedimentation Rate of Sediment Trap 2= ∏r²h/ days (Towards reef Edge, Phase-I)= 3.14X 3.4² X 17.6/20 (From 12thJune to 2ndJuly, 2014) =31.94 cm3 / day 

Based on the sediment trap readings, it was observed that the sedimentation was high on the reef edge side compared to the sediment traps deployed towards the coast.

5.9.2 Identification of recipient sites for the transplantation phase IV, to be taken up in October / November 2014 For the phase IV transplantation of 125 fragments, two additional sites as the recipient site for the Oct-November 2014 transplantation of local coral species. The sites were identified by secondary data source, laying quadrats and identifying potential tidal pools for the transplantation. 50.0 43.2

45.0

37.9

40.0 Cover (%)

35.0 27.9

30.0 25.0

22.4

19.6 16.0

20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0

6.3

6.0 1.2

7.9

5.9 0.5 1.6

0.0 0.0

0.2

0.0 Corals

Algae

Sea Grass

Rock

Rubbles

Sand

Mud

Others

Benthic classes Goose

Dedeka-Mundeka

Fig.-5.8 Benthic cover (%) at two sites

119

Experimental Coral Transplantation

5.11 TRAINING ON MONITORING OF TRANSPLANTED CORALS AND TRANSPLANTATION ACTIVITIES Training on the Monitoring of transplanted corals and related transplantation activities was conducted by the GEER Foundation at Narara on 22nd April 2014. Total 30 participants from various ranges of MNP & S including Dy. CF MNP & CCF MNP & S participated in the training. During the training, the team of GEER Foundation gave training to about 25 MNP & S staff members about the identification of donor and recipient sites for the coral transplantation at Narara in the presence of Director MNP & S Shri. R. D. Kamboj, IFS and Dy.CF MNP & S, Shri.M. M. Bhalodi, under the ICZM project of coral transplantation. The team explained different techniques of quadrat method for the identification of donor and recipient sites, and how to interpret the data. He explained different techniques and methodology for identification of coral species descriptively. He mainly explained about the selection of coral fragments for transplantation. According to that loose or fallen fragments should be given top preference and during collection of coral fragment always care should be taken of not breaking an adult colony. The team also explained about the transplantation of corals from one site to other site, in this process during the time of transportation it is much required to maintain the physical parameters of water in the tank. If the water is going to be viscous or pH changes, immediately change the water from the tank, and use aerator for maintenance of D.O. Tying method of massive corals was explained. The team also explained that in the transplantation of massive corals, glue will be expensive technique to use when up scaled, and hence glue is not used. We also discussed tying the coral fragments with the cement block and arrange it into the frame. Monitor those frames for 2 weeks and after that observe it every month. Regularly check for algal formation and bleaching of coral fragments. Note down the length and breadth of the fragments and after every visit it is required to measure growth after six months.The training was given in two sessions i.e. classroom and field.

120

Experimental Coral Transplantation

5.11.1 Action Plan for July 2014 to December 2014 The permitted target of locally available coral species fragments is 750 (375 fragments of each genus i.e. Favia and Porites), out of which, till date 625 fragments have been transplanted till date andonly 125 fragments of local species is remaining.This target of remaining 125 fragments will be achieved in the fourth phase of the transplantation in the month of October 2014. Table-5.9 Activity sheet for the duration July to December 2014 Sr. No.

Activity

1

Monitoring of transplanted corals of Phase I, II & III

2

Deployment of artificial substrate

3

Identification of donor site for Phase IV transplantation of local species

4

Transplantation of local species 125 fragments (Phase IV) at Dedeka - Mundeka

5

Monitoring of Phase IV transplantation

6

Documentation and Final Report preparation

July-14

Aug- 14

Sept-14

Oct-14

Nov-14

Dec-14

Note: The monitoring frequency of transplanted corals depends upon the year of transplantation. For first two years the monitoring will be monthly and then for the following third year it should be once in three months. However depending upon threats and local conditions, the monitoring frequency can be intensified.

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Experimental Coral Transplantation

1. Monitoring frequency of Transplanted corals (a.) Phase I: Once in 3 months till March 2015 (b.) Phase II: Every month till March 2015. After that once in 3 months till March 2016 (c.) Phase III: Every month till March 2016. After that once in 3 months till March 2017 (d.) Phase IV: Every month till October 2016 after that once in 3 months till October 2017. 2. Deployment of artificial substrate This is an additional task to be achieved under the project, to supplement the natural recruitment, occurring in the GoK. 3. Identification of donor site for Phase IV transplantation of local species Additional areas such as Chank, Mangunda and Pashu will be explored and data will be collected on the abundance of the target genera, to decide the donor site for the phase IV transplantation. 4. Transplantation of local species 125 fragments (Phase IV) at Dedeka – Mundeka Out of 750 permitted fragments, till date 625 fragments have already been transplanted. Remaining 125 local species’ fragments will be transplanted at Dedeka-Mundeka in the month of October 2014. 5. Monitoring of Phase IV transplantation The transplantation of 125 fragments (phase IV) will be monitored monthly for two years to assess the survival and success of the model. 6. Documentation and Final Report preparation The final report and documentation of the project will begin in the month of December 2014.

122

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132

Annexure-1.1 GEER Foundation’s Revised HR Plan and HR Status as on August-2014 Sr. No. A

Staff Required

Current Staff

Vacant Posts/Position

1

1

0

Dr. Vijay Jayantilal Makwana

3

3

0

Mrs. Vaishali Parmar Mrs. Raxaben Vasantkumar Shah Ms. Meghaben Bhadreshbhai Patel

Lab Asstt.

2

1

1

Ms. Sadhana Ranchhodbhai Thummar

Peon/Watchman

1

1

0

Shri Ramanji Thakor

Lab. Asst.

5

0

5

Peon/Watchman

5

2

3

Senior Research Fellow

1

0

1

JRF

2

2

0

Mrs. Lopamudra Das Ms. Suparna Madanmohan Roy

Technical Assistant

4

1

3

Ms. Bhavika Patel

1

1

0

Dr. Sandeep Bharatbhai Munjpara

Staff as per the DPR/PAD Existing lab, Gandhinagar Superintendent of Labs Lab Technicians

B

C

D

Names (Existing Staff)

Five Field Stations

Shri Rameshbhai Desai Shri Ramanbhai

Marine Flora

Marine Fauna Research Associate

Annexures

Sr. No.

E

Staff as per the DPR/PAD

G

Current Staff

Vacant Posts/Position

Names (Existing Staff)

JRF

3

3

0

Ms. Kinjal Mukundbhai Joshi Shri Nisarg Rajendra Chaudhari Shri Bhaveshkumar Parmar

Technical Assistant

3

2

1

Shri Jigar Joshi Ms. Pooja Tripathi

1

1

0

Dr.RajalKanti Patel

Environmental Parameter Research Associate

F

Staff Required

Shri Bignesh Thakur Shri Ankit R Trivedi Shri Parth Atulkumar Tailor Ms. Diksha Sharma Ms. Jignasha Keshavlal Vankar Shri Roshan Bharatbhai Bhagat ShriHiren Dhirajlal Chavda, Ms. Vidushee Hirenkumar Solanki Ms.Trupti Narendrabhai Patel Shri Vipul Kumar Solanki Ms. Ankita Patel Shri Christian Lamb

JRF

6

6

0

Technical Assistant

6

6

0

Scientist

1

1

0

Dr. Harshad Salvi

SRF

2

2

0

Shri Yashpal Anand ShriBhargav Brahmbhatt

1

1

0

Dr. Dishant Parashrya

Total Biodiversity Study

Coral Transplantation Research Associate

134

Annexures

Sr. No.

Staff Required

Current Staff

Vacant Posts/Position

JRF

2

1

1

Technical Assistant

4

2

2

Staff as per the DPR/PAD

Names (Existing Staff) Mr.Hiren Bhatti Ms. Heena Parmar Shri Dashrathsinh Barad

H

General Staff Project Coordinator

1

1

0

Shri Vikram Singh

Accounts Officer

1

1

0

Ms.Vijaya Makwana

Computer Person

1

1

0

Shri Kirit Joshi

Accountant

1

1

0

Mrs.Vaishali Parmar

Driver

3

2

1

Shri Sendhaji Parmar Shri Dharmendra Parmar

Peon/Watchman

1

1

0

Shri Nepalsingh Gohil

62

44

18

Total I

New Posts (Proposed during MTR- June-2013- approval is awaited) Captain (Tandel) of Boat

1

0

1

Helper (Khalasi) for Boats

2

0

2

New 12 Posts proposed during the Mid Term Review of ICZM Project

Comm. & Content Developer

1

0

1

Will be recruited after the approval of the World Bank

Project Management Assistant

2

0

2

135

Annexures

Sr. No.

Staff Required

Current Staff

Vacant Posts/Position

Computer Operator

2

0

2

GIS/RS Person (SRF Level)

1

0

1

GIS/RS Person (JRF Level)

1

0

1

Store Keeper

2

0

2

74

0

12

Staff as per the DPR/PAD

Total

Names (Existing Staff)

136

Annexures

Annexure-1.2 Statement of Expenditure and Progress in Financial year 2013-14 Sr. No. A

Component

Activity

Revised Budget

Total expenditure

Institutional Cost A1

Investment Cost Furniture & Fittings Chair Computer Table File Cabinet Table Meeting Room setting up Office Equipment Air Conditioner

10.00

Almirah

7.81 0.24

Aquaguard Camera Desk Tops

0.16

DVD Player Electronic Pencil Fax Machines Freeze Laptop LCD projector Plotter and colour printer (size A06) Printers

1.05

Public Address System Servers Slide Projector Telephone 6 lines + EPABX TV Vehicles Xerox, copier & others

0.13

Purchase of Software Sub Total

10.00

9.39

137

Annexures Sr. No.

Component

Activity

Revised Budget

Total expenditure

Consultants - Support Agencies Financial and Procurement Management consultants Inter Personal IEC Materials Folk Media Campaign Sub Total Total for A1 A2

0.00

0

10.00

9.39

57.00

56.17

Operational Cost Manpower (Tech,, Procurement, Fin. , Adm) Details enclosed. Reimbursement Office operating cost Office Rent

0.50

Telephone

2.30

2.23

Vehicle Running & Maintenance

3.20

3.16

Computer Maintenance

0.60

0.52

AMC'S

1.50

1.66

Power & Fuel

3.50

3.60

Printing & Stationery

1.50

1.49

Travelling & Conveyance

2.70

2.51

Consumables

2.50

2.28

0.20

0.19

Sub Total

75.00

74.30

Total for A2

75.00

74.30

Total for A

85.00

83.69

5.55

3.90

Books and Periodicals

Postage and Telegraphs

Field Base Maintenance Laboratory Maintenance Boat Hiring Cost Boat Maintenance & Operational Cost Other Office overheads

B

Capacity Building B1

Training Programs Underwater diving and snorkelling

138

Annexures Sr. No.

Component

Activity

Revised Budget

Total expenditure

Training on Taxonomy Training on Marine Biodiversity Research Exposure visit in country Visit to other institutions and states Exposure visit - Foreign Sub Total B2

5.55

3.90

2.00

0.53

Sub Total

2.00

0.53

Total for B

7.55

4.43

3.00

0.82

3.00

0.82

Sub Total

0.00

0.00

Total for C

3.00

0.82

2.00

0.42

Workshops & Seminar Workshops State Level-Apex Level District Level/Intermediary Level Village Level Manual preparation expenses Travel cost to Participants Other overheads- Workshops Consultancies /Studies

C

Monitoring & Evaluation C1

Concurrent Monitoring (Physical, Financial, Procurement, Processes, etc.) External Consultancies (QA, etc) Financial Review Consultants Procurement Audit Monitoring and evaluation consultants Sub Total

C2

D

Evaluation of Outcomes and Impacts

Communication Web Site Workshops Advertisement Media Resource Group

139

Annexures Sr. No.

Component

Activity

Revised Budget

Total expenditure

Community Newspaper Cable TV Documentation/Publication

E

Sub Total

2.00

0.42

Total for D

2.00

0.42

Physical E1

Works Expansion of Existing Laboratory facility at Gandhinagar Field Stations

100.00 45.00

105.40 47.44

Research Stations Transportation of corals from other coral reef areas Library E2

Grant/ Assistance

E3

Goods and Equipment Purchase of Equipment (National Shopping/ICB/NCB)

8.00 3.98

140.00

Fixed Deposit (LC for ICB Packages) Marine Research and Patrolling Boat

2.03 0.74

84.55 46.93

4.00

4.50

300.98

291.58

0.00

0.00

398.53

380.94

Small Boats Total for E F

Departmental Costs Not to be Financed F1

Operational Cost

F2

Support Cost Sub Total Grand Total

140

Annexures

Annexure-1.3 Annual Work Plan (2014-2015) Sr. No. A

Component

Activity

Amount (In Lacs)

Institutional Cost A1

Investment Cost Furniture & Fittings Office Equipment Air Conditioner Almirah Scanner Camera Desk Tops Laptop Printers Servers Slide Projector Telephone 6 lines + EPABX LED Professional Consultants - Support Agencies Financial and Procurement Management consultants Inter Personal IEC Materials Folk Media Campaign Xerox, copier & others Purchase of Software Vehicles Jeep/Car Total for A1

A2

0.00

Operational Cost Manpower (Tech, Procurement, Fin. , Adm.)

95.24

Reimbursement Office operating cost

43.55

Office Rent Telephone

3.90

Vehicle Running & Maintenance

4.90

Books and Periodicals

1.60

141

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component

Activity

Amount (In Lacs)

Repair & Maintenance (Computer)

1.50

AMC'S

3.00

Postage and Telegraphs

0.10

Power & Fuel

5.00

Printing & Stationery

1.90

Travelling & Conveyance

3.50

Consumables

5.85

Field Base Maintenance

3.00

Laboratory Maintenance

3.00

Boat Hiring Cost

5.00

Boat Maintenance & Operational Cost Other Office overheads Sub Total

B

1.30 43.55

Total for A2

138.79

Total for A

138.79

Capacity Building B1

Training Programs Training in Country

3.00

Training in State

5.00

Exposure visit in country

3.00

Visit to other institutions and states Exposure visit – Foreign Sub Total B2

11.00

Workshops & Seminar Workshops Seminars & Workshops

5.00

Consultancies /Studies

C

Sub Total

5.00

Total for B

16.00

Monitoring & Evaluation C1

Concurrent Monitoring (Physical, Financial, Procurement, Processes, etc.) External Consultancies (QA, etc)

5.00

142

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component

Activity

Amount (In Lacs)

Evaluation of Outcomes and Impacts Sub Total C2

D

5.00

Evaluation of Outcomes and Impacts Sub Total

0.00

Total for C

5.00

Communication Web Site Workshops Advertisement

3.00

Media Resource Group Community Newspaper Cable TV

E

Documentation/Publication

3.00

Sub Total

6.00

Total for D

6.00

Physical E1

Civil Works Expansion of Existing Laboratory facility at Gandhinagar Field Stations

20.00 100.00

Research Station at G'Nagar Transportation of corals from other coral reef areas

3.00

Artificial reef / substratum preparation

3.00

Library E2

Grant/ Assistance

E3

Goods and Equipment Purchase of Equipment

315.53

Fixed Deposit (LC for ICB Packages) Marine Research and Patrolling Boat (Hiring) Small Boats

80.00

Total for E

521.53

Total

687.32

143

Annexures

Annexure-1.4 Progress in Financial year 2014-15(Till July ‘14) Sr. No. A

Component

Activity

Opening Balance (01/04/2014)

April '14 To July ‘14

Cumulative till date (31/07/2014)

Institutional Cost A1

Investment Cost Office Equipment and Furniture & Fittings Air Conditioner

780538

780538

86825

86825

Aqua guard

0

0

Camera

0

0

Chair

0

0

Computer Table

0

0

2232970

2232970

DVD Player

0

0

Electronic Pencil

0

0

Fax Machines

0

0

File Cabinet

0

0

Freeze

0

0

Laptop

304450

304450

LCD projector

0

0

Meeting Room setting up

0

0

0

0

539553.50

539553.5

Public Address System

0

0

Servers

0

0

Slide Projector

0

0

Table

0

0

397478

397478

0

0

1958889

1958889

Almirah

Desk Tops

Plotter and colour printer (size A06) Printers

Telephone 6 lines + EPABX TV Vehicles Xerox, copier & others Purchase of Software Sub Total

378025

-13125

364900

0 6678728.50

0 -13125.00

6665603.50

144

Annexures Sr. No.

Component

Activity

Opening Balance (01/04/2014)

April '14 To July ‘14

Cumulative till date (31/07/2014)

Consultants - Support Agencies Financial and Procurement Management consultants

0

0

Inter Personal IEC Materials

0

0

Folk Media Campaign

0

0

Sub Total

0

0

0

6678728.50

-13125.00

6665603.50

13421028

2753447

16174475

Total for A1 A2

Operational Cost Manpower (Tech, Procurement, Fin. , Adm.) Details enclosed. Reimbursement

0

Office operating cost

0

Office Rent

68000

Telephone

463103

134190

597293

1403245

380661

1783906

Vehicle Running & Maintenance Books and Periodicals

34253

Repair and Maintenance

98380

32679

131059

208248

-76051

132197

AMC'S Postage and Telegraphs Power & Fuel Printing & Stationery

34253

15816

15816

443779

443779

311122.50

70516

381638.5

Travelling & Conveyance

849596

101930

951526

Consumables

636579

61710

698289

Other Office overheads

403230

341500

744730

Sub Total

18356379.5

3800582

22156961.5

Total for A2

18356379.5

3800582

22156961.5

25035108.00

3787457

28822565.00

840335

174286

1014621

Total for A B

68000

Capacity Building B1

Training Programs Training in Country Exposure visit in country Exposure visit - Foreign Sub Total

0

0

94877

94877

935212

174286

1109498

145

Annexures Sr. No.

Component B2

Activity

Cumulative till date (31/07/2014)

0

0

62768

62768

District Level/Intermediary Level

0

0

Village Level

0

0

Manual preparation expenses

0

0

Travel cost to Participants

0

0

Other overheads- Workshops

0

0

Consultancies /Studies

0

0

State Level-Apex Level

Sub Total Total for B

62768

0

62768

997980

174286

1172266

140798

82184

222982

Monitoring & Evaluation C1

Concurrent Monitoring (Physical, Financial, Procurement, Processes, etc.) External Consultancies (QA, etc) Financial Review Consultants

0

0

Procurement Audit

0

0

0

0

Monitoring and evaluation consultants Sub Total C2

Evaluation of Outcomes and Impacts Sub Total Total for C

D

April '14 To July ‘14

Workshops & Seminar Workshops

C

Opening Balance (01/04/2014)

140798

82184

222982

0

0

0

0

0

140798

82184

222982

Communication Web Site

0

0

Workshops

0

0

Advertisement

1597727

2926

1600653

Media Resource Group

0

0

Community Newspaper

0

Cable TV

0

0

Documentation/Publication

0

0

0

0

Sub Total

1597727

2926

1600653

Total for D

1597727

2926

1600653

146

Annexures Sr. No. E

Component

Activity

Opening Balance (01/04/2014)

April '14 To July ‘14

Cumulative till date (31/07/2014)

Physical E1

E2

E3

Works Activity 1

429241

187375

616616

Activity 2

166710

8300

175010

Activity n

15298913

5146272

20445185

Grant/ Assistance

0

Activity 1

408767

408767

Activity 2

0

0

Activity n

0

0

Goods and Equipment Purchase of Equipment

0 21988174

5041668

27029842

Purchase of GPS

0

Activity n

636100

Sub Total

38927905

Cash

636100 10383615

49311520

0

0

Balance Total for E Grand Total

0 38927905

10383615

49311520

66699518.00

14430468.00

81129986.00

147

Annexures

Annexure-1.5 Quarterly Fund and Expenditure Status (August – 2010 to July – 2014) Financial Year

Quarter

Cumulative Grant

Grant Received

Cumulative Expenditure

Expenditure Incurred

Balance Fund

Opening Q1 April May June Sub Total

0

0

0

0

0

Q2 July August

27.71

5.70

September 2010-11

Sub Total

14.25 27.71

27.71

19.95

19.95

7.76

Q3 October

0.72

November

4.27

December Sub Total

25.00 52.71

25.00

0.46 25.40

5.45

27.31

Q4 January

0.61

February

3.46

March

23.22

Sub Total

52.71

0

52.68

27.29

0.03

Grand Total

52.71

52.71

52.68

52.68

0.03

0.03

Opening Q1 2011-12

April

52.68 20.00

7.99

May

3.14

June

8.57

148

Annexures

Financial Year

Quarter

Cumulative Grant

Sub Total

72.71

Grant Received 20.00

Cumulative Expenditure 72.38

Expenditure Incurred

Balance Fund

19.69

0.33

Q2 July

20.00

2.33

August

3.62

September

3.81

Sub Total

92.71

20.00

82.14

9.76

10.57

Q3 October

5.17

November

80.00

6.64

December Sub Total

4.98 172.71

80.00

98.93

16.79

73.78

Q4 January

8.93

February

5.78

March

29.28

Sub Total

172.71

0.00

142.92

43.99

29.79

Grand Total

172.71

0.00

142.92

43.99

29.79

29.79

Opening Q1

43.99

April

8.28

May

16.32

June 2012-13

25.00

Sub Total

197.71

Q2

39.38

25.00

14.78 182.30

July

15.41

12.10

August

50.50

15.19

September Sub Total

39.38

26.50 248.21

50.50

236.09

53.79

12.12

149

Annexures

Financial Year

Quarter

Cumulative Grant

Grant Received

Cumulative Expenditure

Expenditure Incurred

Balance Fund

Q3 October

50.50

12.48

November

6.21

December

20.56

Sub Total

298.71

50.50

275.34

39.25

23.37

Q4 January

94

February

9.85

March

23.64

Sub Total

392.71

94.00

332.97

57.63

59.74

Grand Total

392.71

94.00

332.97

57.63

59.74

59.74

Opening Q1

57.63

April

13.64

May

39.17

June

4.61

Sub Total

392.71

Q2

57.42

July 2013-14

24.14

0.00

390.39

100

2.32

7.34

August

6.23

September Sub Total

57.42

0.00 492.71

100.00

13.84 417.80

27.41

74.91

Q3 October

150

48.41

November

70.41

December

17.07

Sub Total

642.71

150.00

553.69

135.89

89.02

150

Annexures

Financial Year

Quarter

Cumulative Grant

Grant Received

Cumulative Expenditure

Expenditure Incurred

Balance Fund

Q4 January

51.20

February

100

16.80

March

92.22

Sub Total

742.71

100.00

713.91

160.22

28.80

Grand Total

742.71

100.00

713.91

160.22

28.80

Q1 April

14.75

May

100.00

25.66

June Sub Total 2014-15

75.60 842.71

100.00

829.92

116.01

12.79

Q2 July

100

28.30

August September Sub Total

942.71

100.00

858.22

28.30

84.49

Grand Total

942.71

100.00

858.22

28.30

84.49

151

Annexures

Annexure – 1.6 Activity-wise Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to July-2014 & Activity-wise Annual Action Plan from August-2014 to F.Y. 2015-16 (upto Dec-15)

Sr. No.

A

Component - Activity

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15) Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

Total Revised MTR

Institutional Cost A1

Investment Cost 2500000

Furniture & Fittings

2500000 0

Office Equipment Air Conditioner Almirah

780538

780538

86825

86825

Scanner

780538 500000

586825

350000

350000

Aqua guard

0

Camera

0

Desk Tops

2232970

2232970

2732970

500000

DVD Player

0

Electronic Pencil

0

Fax Machines

0

Freeze

0

Laptop

304450

304450

504450

200000

152

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component - Activity

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15) Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

Total Revised MTR

0

LCD projector LED Professional

300000

300000

Plotter and colour printer (size A06) Printers

0 539553.5

539553.5

789553.5

250000

Public Address System

0

Servers

600000

600000

Slide Projector

600000

600000

Telephone 6 lines + EPABX

397478

397478

397478

TV

0

Consultants Support Agencies

0

Financial and Procurement Management consultants

0

Inter Personal IEC Materials

0

153

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component - Activity

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15) Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

Total Revised MTR

Folk Media Campaign Xerox, copier & others

0 378025

-13125

364900

Purchase of Software

600000

964900

200000

200000 0

Vehicles Jeep/Car Total for A1 A2

1958889 6678728.5

-13125

1958889

2100000

4058889

6665604

8700000

15365604 0

Operational Cost Manpower (Tech,, Procurement, Fin. , Adm) Details enclosed.

13421028

2753447

16174475

5600000

1400000

32503275

7728800

0

Reimbursement Office operating cost

4935351.5

1047135

6451032

68000

50000 400000

346000

1343293

1750000

428000

3961906

Office Rent

68000

Telephone

463103

134190

597293

1403245

380661

1783906

Vehicle Running & Maintenance

600000

19444519

5982486.5

5511000

118000

154

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component - Activity

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

Books and Periodicals

34253

Repair & Maintenance (Computer)

98380

AMC'S

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

34253

32679 -76051

132197

15816

15816

Power & Fuel

443779

443779

311122.5

70516

381638.5

Travelling & Conveyance

849596

101930

951526

Consumables

636579

61710

698289

Field Base Maintenance

0

Laboratory Maintenance

0

Boat Hiring Cost Boat Maintenance & Operational Cost

384460

341500

Total Revised MTR

160000

194253

210000

741059

600000

1472197

10000

25816

1200000

600000

2243779

400000

146000

927638.5

1200000

410000

2561526

256000

619000

1573289

700000

700000

800000

800000

300000

1525960

400000 208248

Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

131059

Postage and Telegraphs

Printing & Stationery

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

725960 0

240000

200000

500000

1000000

400000

155

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component - Activity

Other Office overheads

B

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

18770

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

18770

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

55032

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15) Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

Total Revised MTR

182000

255802

Sub Total

4935351.5

1047135

5982486.5

6451032

600000

5511000

19444519

Total for A2

18356380

3800582

22156962

12051032

2000000

13239800

51947794

Total for A

25035108

3787457

28822565

12051032

10700000

13239800

67313397

624336

161019

785355

500000

300000

1585355

Training Programs Training in Country Underwater diving and snorkelling Training on Taxonomy Training on Marine Biodiversity Research Training on Financial Management Training on GIS Packages Training on Laboratory

156

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component - Activity

Training in State

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

150605

13267

163872

200000

Exposure visit in country

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15) Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

Total Revised MTR

500000

863872

300000

88876

388876

Visit to other institutions and states Exposure visit Foreign Sub Total

863817

174286

1038103

700000

1100000

2838103

Workshops & Seminar Workshops Seminars & Workshops

134163

134163

500000

934163

300000

Consultancies /Studies

C

Sub Total

134163

0

134163

300000

500000

934163

Total for B

997980

174286

1172266

1000000

1600000

3772266

Concurrent Monitoring (Physical, Financial, Procurement, Processes, etc.) External Consultancies (QA, etc)

300000 140798

82184

222982

1022982

500000

157

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component - Activity

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

140798

82184

222982

500000

0

0

82184

222982

500000

423757

500000

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15) Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

Total Revised MTR

Evaluation of Outcomes and Impacts Sub Total

0

300000

1022982

Evaluation of Outcomes and Impacts Sub Total Total for C D

140798

1022982

Communications Web Site Workshops Advertisement

423757

100000

1023757

Media Resource Group Community Newspaper

1173970

2926

1176896

Cable TV Documentation/Pu blication Sub Total

400000

400000 1597727

2926

1600653

500000

2600653

500000

158

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component - Activity

Total for D E

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

1597727

2926

1600653

500000

10555106

1805863

12360969

5000000

3600000

20960969

4743807

3340409

8084216

4000000

5947000

18031216

348039

40920

388959

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15) Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

Total Revised MTR

2600653

500000

Civil Works Expansion of Existing Laboratory facility at Gandhinagar Field Stations Research Station at G'Nagar Transportation of corals from other coral reef areas Artificial reef / substratum preparation

1038959 450000

81202

200000

200000

146455 200000

Library

166710

Grant/ Assistance

408767

8300

175010

175010

408767

408767

Goods and Equipment Purchase of Equipment

0 21988174

5041668

27029842

49529842

22500000

159

Annexures

Sr. No.

Component - Activity

Fixed Deposit (LC for ICB Packages) Marine Research and Patrolling Boat (Hiring)

Expenditure Statement from F.Y. 2010-11 to F.Y. 2013-14 & July-2014

F.Y. 2014-15 (April'14 to March'15)

Total Expenditure up to march 2014

Requirement for remaining QTR F.Y. 2014-15 (August'14 to March'15)

F.Y. 2014-15 (Till July'14)

Total Expenditure up to July 2014

Total

Requirement F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

Revised MTR

4693130

4693130

4693130

636100

636100

1136100 500000

Small Boats Total for E

Revised MTR and Additional Requirement

F.Y. 2015-16 (April'15 to December '15)

7800000

7800000 43621035

10383615

54004650

40250000

9547000

400000

104201650 0

Operational Cost

0

Support Cost

0

Total Grand Total

71392648

14430468

85823116

71392648

14430468

85823116

54301032

74548032

20247000

16039800

2500000

178910948

18539800

178910948

160

Annexure

Annexure-3.1 Checklist of Angiosperm plants of the Gulf of Kachchh No.

Species Name

1

Abelmoschus moschatus

2 3

Common Name Khat bhindi

Family

Habit

Malvaceae

Under shrubs

Abutilon glaucum

Malvaceae

Under Shrubs

Abutilon indicum

Malvaceae

Under Shrubs

Acacia leucophloea

Hermobaval, Hiver

Mimosaceae

Tree

5

Acacia nilotica

Deshibaval

Mimosaceae

Tree

6

Acacia senegal

Goradio Baval

Mimosaceae

Tree

7

Acacia tortitis

Mimosaceae

Tree

8

Acanthospermum hispidum

Asteraceae

Herbs

9

Achyranthes aspera

Amaranthaceae

Herbs

10

Aegiceras corniculatam

Myrsinaceae

Tree

11

Aegle marmelos

Bili

Rutaceae

Tree

12

Aeluropus lagopoides

Grass

Poaceae

Grass- Halophytes

13

Aerva javanica

Amaranthaceae

Herbs

14

Aerva lanata

Gorakh ganjo

Amaranthaceae

Herbs

15

Aloe barbadensis

Kuvarpathu

Liliaceae

Shrubs

16

Alternanthera sessilis

Amaranthaceae

Herbs

17

Alysicarpus longifolius

Fabaceae

Herbs

18

Alysicarpus monolifera

Fabaceae

Herbs

19

Alysicarpus vaginalis

Fabaceae

Herbs

20

Amaranthus spinosus

Amaranthaceae

Herbs

21

Arachis hypogaea

Mungfali

Fabaceae

Herbs

22

Argemone mexicana

Darudi

Papaveraceae

Herbs

23

Aristida redacta

Grass

Poaceae

Grass

24

Aristolochia bracteolata

Kidamari

Aristolochiaceae

Herbs

Arthrocnemum indicum

Machhar ni bhaji

Chenopodiaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

26

Artiplex stocksii

Khati palakh

Chenopodiaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

27

Asparagus dumosus

Liliaceae

Herbs

4

25

Motosamervo

161

Annexure

No.

Species Name

Common Name

Family

Habit

28

Asparagus recemosus

Shatavari

Liliaceae

climber

29

Avicennia marina

Tivar

Avicenniaceae

Tree

30

Azadirachta indica

Limdo

Meliaceae

Tree

31

Balanites aegyptiaca

Ingorio

Balanitaceae

Shrubs

32

Barleria prionitis

Acanthaceae

Herbs

33

Blepharis linorifolia

Acanthaceae

Herbs

34

Blepharis maderspatensis

Acanthaceae

Herbs

35

Blepharis repens

Acanthaceae

Herbs

36

Blepharis sindica

Acanthaceae

Herbs

37

Boerhavia chinensis

Nyctaginaceae

Herbs

38

Boerhavia diffusa

Satodi

Nyctaginaceae

Herbs

39

Cadaba fruticosa

Batkani

Capparaceae

Shrubs

40

Calotropis gigantia

Akado

Asclepiadaceae

Shrubs

41

Calotropis procera

Nano Akado

Asclepiadaceae

Shrubs

42

Canavalia cathartica

Fabaceae

Herbs

43

Capparis decidua

Capparaceae

Shrubs

44

Cardiospermum helicacabum

Sapindaceae

climber

45

Cassia auriculata

Aval

Caesalpiniaceae

Shrubs

46

Cassia italica

Pataval

Caesalpiniaceae

Herbs

47

Cassia occidentalis

Kasundri

Caesalpiniaceae

Herbs

48

Cassia pumila

Nani Chimed

Caesalpiniaceae

Herbs

49

Cassia sophera var. sophera

Sundri

Caesalpiniaceae

Shrubs

50

Cassia tora

Puvadiyo

Caesalpiniaceae

Herbs

51

Casuarina equisetifolia

Sharu

Casuarinaceae

Tree

52

Catharanthus roseus

Barmasi

Apocynaceae

Herbs

53

Cayratia carnosa

Vitaceae

climber

54

Celosia argentea

Amaranthaceae

Herbs

55

Cenchrus ciliaris

Poaceae

Grass

56

Ceriops tagal

Rhizophoraceae

Shrubs

Utingan

Kerdo

Lampdi

162

Annexure

No.

Species Name

Common Name

Family

Habit

57

Chenopodium album

Chil, Chil ni bhaji

Chenopodiaceae

Herbs

58

Chrozophora rottleri

Kalo Okharad

Euphorbiaceae

Herbs

59

Cicer arietinum

Chana/Chick peas

Fabaceae

Herbs

60

Cistanche tubulosa

Orobanchaceae

Herbs

61

Citrullus colocynthis

Kadva indravarna

Cucurbitaceae

climber

62

Cleome viscosa

Pili Tilvan

Capparaceae

Herbs

63

Clerodendrum multiflorum

Arani

Verbenaceae

Shrubs

64

Clitora ternatea

Bibali, koyal, Garani

Fabaceae

climber

65

Coccinia grandis

Ghiloda

Cucurbitaceae

climber

66

Cocos nucifera

Nariel

Arecaceae

Tree

67

Coculus hirsutus

Vevdi

Menispermaceae

climber

68

Coldenia procumbens

Okhrad,Basario

Boraginaceae

Herbs

69

Commelina benghalensis

Commelinaceae

Herbs

70

Commelina erecta

Commelinaceae

Herbs

71

Commelina forskalaei

Commelinaceae

Herbs

72

Commiphora wightii

Gugal

Burseraceae

Shrubs

73

Convolvulus microphyllus

Shankhavali

Convolvulaceae

Herbs

74

Convolvulus rottlerianus var.rottlerianus

Convolvulaceae

Herbs

75

Convolvulus stocksii

Convolvulaceae

Herbs

76

Corallocarpus conocarpus

Cucurbitaceae

climber

77

Corchorus aestuans

Chunch, Chhadhari

Tiliaceae

Herbs

78

Corchorus depressus

Bahuphali

Tiliaceae

Herbs

79

Corchorus tridens

Tiliaceae

Herbs

80

Cordia gharaf

Nani gundi

Boraginaceae

Tree

81

Cressa cretica

Rutandi

Convolvulaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

82

Crotalaria burhia

Kharshan, Vagdaushan

Fabaceae

Under Shrubs

163

Annexure

No.

Species Name

83

Crotalaria notonii

84

Crotalaria retusa

85

Croton bonplandianus

86

Cucumis callosus

87

Common Name

Family

Habit

Fabaceae

Herbs

Fabaceae

Herbs

Euphorbiaceae

Herbs

Kothimdu

Cucurbitaceae

climber

Cucumis prophetarum

Kantalo indran

Cucurbitaceae

climber

88

Cuminum cyminum

Jeera/ Cumin

Apiaceae

Herbs

89

Cymbopogon schoenanthus

Poaceae

Grass

90

Cynodon dactylon

Poaceae

Grass

91

Cyperus bulbosus

Cyperaceae

Sedges

92

Cyperus conglomaritus

Cyperaceae

Sedges-Halophytes

93

Cyperus rotundus

Cyperaceae

Sedges

94

Dalechampia scandens

Euphorbiaceae

climber

95

Datura metel

Dhanturo

Solanaceae

Herbs

96

Daucus carota

Gajar

Apiaceae

Herbs

97

Desmostachya bipinnata

Darbh

Poaceae

Grass

98

Dichoma tomentosa

Asteraceae

Herbs

99

Digera muricata

Kanjro

Amaranthaceae

Herbs

100

Echinops echinatus

Utkanto

Asteraceae

Herbs

101

Eclipta prostrata

Asteraceae

Herbs

102

Enicostema hyssopifolium

Mamejevo

Gentianaceae

Herbs

103

Eragrostis ciliaris

Grass

Poaceae

Grass

104

Euphorbia dracuncoloides

ubhi dudheli

Euphorbiaceae

Herbs

105

Euphorbia hirta

Dudheli

Euphorbiaceae

Herbs

106

Euphorbia microphylla

Euphorbiaceae

Herbs

107

Euphorbia nivulia

Euphorbiaceae

Shrubs

108

Euphorbia parviflora

Euphorbiaceae

Herbs

109

Euphurbia tirucalli

Euphorbiaceae

Shrubs

110

Evolvulus alsinoides

Convolvulaceae

Herbs

111

Fagonia cretica

Zygophyllaceae

Herbs

112

Ficus benghalensis

Moraceae

Tree

Gughro

Grass

Thor

Kharsani

Vad

164

Annexure

No.

Species Name

113

Ficus religiosa

114

Fimbristylis cymbaria

115

Glinus lotoides

116

Common Name Piplo

Family

Habit

Moraceae

Tree

Cyperaceae

Sedges

Kadavo

Molluginaceae

Herbs

Goniogyna hirta

Adidyo

Fabaceae

Herbs

117

Gossypium sp.

Kapas

Malvaceae

Shrubs

118

Grangea maderaspatana

Asteraceae

Herbs

119

Grewia tenax

Nagbala

Tiliaceae

Shrubs

120

Grewia villosa

Kare pado

Tiliaceae

Shrubs

121

Halopyrum mucronatum

Poaceae

Grass- Halophytes

122

Helianthus annuus

Asteraceae

Herbs

123

Helichrysum cutchicum

Asteraceae

Herbs

124

Heliotropium bacciferum

Boraginaceae

Herbs

125

Heliotropium curassavica

Boraginaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

126

Heliotropium strigosum

Boraginaceae

Herbs

127

Hewittia sublobata

Convolvulaceae

Herbs

128

Hibiscus ovilifolious

Malvaceae

Herbs

129

Hibiscus palmatus

Malvaceae

Herbs

130

Hyphnea dichotoma

Arecaceae

Tree

131

Hyptis suaveolens

Lamiaceae

Herbs

132

Indigofera cordifolia

Fabaceae

climber

133

Indigofera linifolia var. linifolia

Jinkigali

Fabaceae

climber

134

Indigofera oblongifolia

Zil, Ziladi,Zildo

Fabaceae

Herbs

135

Ipomea coptica

Convolvulaceae

climber

136

Ipomoea acquatica

Nali ni bhaji

Convolvulaceae

climber

137

Ipomoea eriocarpa

Bodi fudardi

Convolvulaceae

climber

138

Ipomoea fistulosa

Convolvulaceae

climber

139

Ipomoea obscura

Vad fudardi

Convolvulaceae

climber

140

Ipomoea pes-caprae

Dariani vel

Convolvulaceae

climber-Halophytes

141

Ipomoea pes-tigridis

Photial

Convolvulaceae

climber

142

Launaea procumbens

Moti Bhonpatri

Asteraceae

Herbs

Chanak bhindo

Ravan tad

165

Annexure

No.

Species Name

143

Launaea resedifolia

144

Lepidagathis trinervis

145

Common Name

Family

Habit

Asteraceae

Herbs

Harancharo

Acanthaceae

Herbs

Leptadenia pyrotechnica

Khip

Asclepiadaceae

Shrubs

146

Leptadenia reticulata

Dodi

Asclepiadaceae

climber

147

Leucaena leucoephala

Pardesi baval

Mimosaceae

Tree

148

Leucas aspera

Kubi

Lamiaceae

Herbs

149

Leucas cephalotes

Khetarau kubo

Lamiaceae

Herbs

150

Limonia acidissima

Kothi, Kotha

Rutaceae

Tree

151

Limonium stocksii

Plumbaginaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

152

Lotus garcini

Van-methi

Fabaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

153

Manilkara hexandra

Rayan

Sapotaceae

Tree

154

Maytenus emarginata

Celastraceae

Shrubs

155

Melia azedarach

Bakan Limdo

Meliaceae

Tree

156

Merremia gangetica

Undardi

Convolvulaceae

Herbs

157

Merremia tridentata var. tridentata

Bhinigario

Convolvulaceae

Herbs

158

Mimosa hamata

Mimosaceae

Under Shrubs

159

Momordica charantia

Karela

Cucurbitaceae

climber

160

Moringa oleifera

Saragavo

Moringaceae

Tree

161

Mukia maderaspatana

Chanak chibhdi

Cucurbitaceae

climber

162

Nerium indicum

Lalkaren

Apocynaceae

Shrubs

163

Nymphaea stellata

Poyana, Kumudini

Nymphaeaceae

Herbs

164

Ocimum bacillcum

Ran Tulsi

Lamiaceae

Herbs

165

Oldenlandia corymbosa

Rubiaceae

Herbs

166

Opuntia elatior

Phafdathor

Cactaceae

Shrubs

167

Parkinsonia aculeata

Rambaval

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

168

Parthenium hysterophorus

Asteraceae

Herbs

169

Pedalium murex

Ubhu gokharu

Pedaliaceae

Herbs

170

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Tamrafali

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

171

Pentatropis spiralis

Shigaroti

Asclepiadaceae

climber

166

Annexure

No.

Species Name

Common Name

Family

Habit

172

Pergularia daemia

Asclepiadaceae

climber

173

Periploca aphylla

Periplocaceae

Herbs

174

Peristrophe bicalyculata

Acanthaceae

Herbs

175

Phoenix sylvestris

Arecaceae

Tree

176

Phyla nodiflora

Verbenaceae

Herbs

177

Phyllanthus fraternus

Bhoy amli

Euphorbiaceae

Herbs

178

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis

Bakarato

Euphorbiaceae

Herbs

179

Physalis minima

Popti

Solanaceae

Herbs

180

Pithecellobium dulce

Gorasamli

Mimosaceae

Tree

181

polycarpaea corymbosa

Caryophyllaceae

Herbs

182

Polycarpaea spicata

Caryophyllaceae

Herbs

183

Polygala erioptera

Polygalaceae

Herbs

184

Polygonum plebeium

Polygonaceae

Herbs

185

Portulaca tuberosa

portulacaceae

Herbs

186

Prosopis cineraria

Khijado, Shami

Mimosaceae

Tree

187

Prosopis juliflora

Gando Baval

Mimosaceae

Tree-Halophyes

188

Pulicaria (Yellow)

Asteraceae

Herbs

189

Pupalia lappacea

Amaranthaceae

Herbs

190

Rhizophora mucronata

Kurod

Rhizophoraceae

Tree

191

Rhynchosia minima var minima

Nahnikamalvel

Fabaceae

climber

192

Rungia repens

Acanthaceae

Herbs

193

Ruppia maritima

Ruppiaceae

Herbs

194

Salicornia brachiata

Machhar ni bhaji

Chenopodiaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

195

Salvadora oleoides

Mithu Pilu

Salvadoraceae

Tree

196

Salvadora persica

Khari Pilu

Salvadoraceae

Tree-Halophyes

197

Salvia santollinaefolia

Lamiaceae

Herbs

198

Senra incana

Malvaceae

Herbs

199

Sericostoma pauciflorum

Karvas

Ehretiaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

200

Sesamum indicum

Tal

Pedaliaceae

Herbs

Khajuri

Vajrdanti

167

Annexure

No.

Species Name

201

Sesbania bispinosa

202

Common Name Ekad

Family

Habit

Fabaceae

Under Shrubs

Sesuvium portulacastrum

Aizoaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

203

Setaria glauca

Poaceae

Grass

204

Setaria verticillata

Poaceae

Grass

205

Sida cordifolia

Malvaceae

Herbs

206

Sida spinosa

Malvaceae

Herbs

207

Solanum indicum

Udhi Ringani

Solanaceae

Herbs

208

Solanum surattense

Bhoy Ringani

Solanaceae

Herbs

209

Sorghum bicolor

Juwar

Poaceae

Grass

210

Spergula arvensis

Caryophyllaceae

Herbs

211

Sporobolus maderaspatana

Poaceae

Grass- Halophytes

212

Striga angustifolia

Scrophulariaceae

Herbs

213

Striga densiflora

Scrophulariaceae

Herbs

214

Suaeda fruticosa

Khari luni ni bhaji

Chenopodiaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

215

Suaeda nudiflora

Morus

Chenopodiaceae

Under Shrubs/Halophytes

216

Tamarindus indica

Amli

Caesalpiniaceae

Tree

217

Tamarix dioica

Bhuri pras

Tamaricaceae

Tree-Halophyes

218

Tamarix ericoides

Tamaricaceae

Shrubs

219

Tamarix stricta

Tamaricaceae

Shrubs-Halophyes

220

Taverniera cuneifolia

Jethi madh

Fabaceae

Under Shrubs

221

Tephrosia purpurea

Sarpankho

Fabaceae

Under Shrubs

222

Tephrosia strigosa

Fabaceae

Herbs

223

Terminalia catappa

Desi Badam

Combretaceae

Tree

224

Thespesia populnea

Paras pipado

Malvaceae

Tree

225

Thevetia peruviana

Pili Karen

Apocynaceae

Shrubs

226

Tinospora cordifolia

Gulvel

Menispermaceae

climber

227

Trachyspermum ammi

Ajwain

Apiaceae

Herbs

228

Tragia hildebrandtii

Euphorbiaceae

Shrubs

229

Tragus racemosus

Poaceae

Grass 168

Annexure

No.

Species Name

230

Trianthema portulacastrum

231

Trianthema triquetra

232

Tribulus terrestris

233

Trichodesma indicum

234

Tridax procumbens

235

Triumfetta rotundifolia

236

Urochondra setulosus

237

Vernonia cinerea

238

Vigna ungniculata sub sp. Ungniculata

239

Common Name Satodo

Family

Habit

Aizoaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

Aizoaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

Gokhru

Zygophyllaceae

Herbs

Undha fuli

Boraginaceae

Herbs

Asteraceae

Herbs

Tiliaceae

Herbs

Poaceae

Grass- Halophytes

Sahadevi

Asteraceae

Herbs

Kulthi, Kulith

Fabaceae

climber

Viola cineria

Violaceae

Herbs

240

Xanthium straumarium

Asteraceae

Herbs

241

Zizyphus nummularia

Chani Bor

Rhamnaceae

Tree

242

Zornia gibbosa

Samarapani

Fabaceae

Herbs

243

Zygophyllum simplex

Zygophyllaceae

Herbs-Halophytes

Zipti,Goi,

Gymnosperm 1

Ephedra foliata

Ephedraceae

Shrubs

Pteridophyte 1

Marsilea sp

Marsileaceae

Herbs

169

Annexure

Annexure-3.2 Comparesion of seaweed inventory with previous records GEC,

Shahoo,

Sr. No.

Div

1

Rhodophyta

Acanthophora dendroides

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

2

Rhodophyta

Acanthophora nayadiformis

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

3

Rhodophyta

Acanthophora specifera

Rhodomelaceae









4

Chlorophyta Acetabularia calyculus

Polyphysaceae



×





5

Chlorophyta Acrosiphonia orientalis

Acrosiphoniaceae



×



×

6

Rhodophyta

Ahnfeltia plicata

Ahnfeltiaceae









7

Rhodophyta

Aglaothamnion tenuissimum

Callithamniceae



×

×

×

8

Rhodophyta

Amphiroa fragilissima

Corallinaceae









9

Rhodophyta

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Bonnemaisoniacece









10

Chlorophyta Avrainvillea erecta

Udoteaceae



×



×

11

Rhodophyta

Botryocladia leptopoda

Rhodymeniaceae









12

Rhodophyta

Botryocladia pseudodichotoma

Champiaceae



×

×

×

13

Chlorophyta Bryopsis pennata

Bryopsidaceae



×



×

14

Chlorophyta Bryopsis plumosa

Bryopsidaceae



×



×

15

Chlorophyta Caulerpa microphysa

Caulerpaceae









16

Chlorophyta Caulerpa peltata

Caulerpaceae



×





17

Chlorophyta Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpaceae









18

Chlorophyta Caulerpa racemosa V. corynephora

Caulerpaceae



×



×

19

Chlorophyta Caulerpa racemosa V. occidentalis

Caulerpaceae







×

Species name

Family

ICZMP

2013

Jha et al. 2009

170

2010

Annexure

Sr. No.

Div

Species name

20

Chlorophyta Caulerpa racemosa V. macrophysa

21

Caulerpa scalpelliformis V. Chlorophyta denticulata

22

Caulerpa scalpelliformis V. Chlorophyta dwarkensis

Family Caulerpaceae

ICZMP

GEC, 2013

Jha et al. 2009

Shahoo, 2010



×



×







×



×



×

Caulerpaceae

Caulerpaceae

23

Chlorophyta Caulerpa sertularioides

Caulerpaceae









24

Chlorophyta Caulerpa taxifolia

Caulerpaceae







×

25

Chlorophyta Caulerpa veravalensis

Caulerpaceae







×

26

Chlorophyta Caulerpa verticilata

Caulerpaceae



×



×

27

Rhodophyta

Centroceras clavulatum

Ceramiaceae









28

Rhodophyta

Ceramium cruciatum

Ceramiaceae



×



×

29

Chlorophyta Chaetomorpha crassa

Cladophoraceae



×





30

Chlorophyta Chaetomorpha spiralis

Cladophoraceae







×

31

Rhodophyta

Champia globulifera

Champiaceae



×



×

32

Rhodophyta

Champia indica

Champiaceae









33

Rhodophyta

Champia compressa

Champiaceae



×





34

Rhodophyta

Cheilosporum spectabile

Corallinaceae



×



×

35

Rhodophyta

Chondracanthus acicularis

Gigartinaceae



×



×

36

Rhodophyta

Chondria armata

Rhodomelaceae



×





37

Chlorophyta Cladophora sp.

Cladophoraceae







×

38

Chlorophyta Cladophora vagabunda

Cladophoraceae



×



×

171

Annexure

Sr. No.

Div

Species name

Family

ICZMP

GEC, 2013

Jha et al. 2009

Shahoo, 2010

39

Chlorophyta Cladophoropsis javanica

Boodleaceae



×



×

40

Chlorophyta Codium decorticatum

Codiaceae









41

Chlorophyta Codium dwarkense

Codiaceae



×





42

Rhodophyta

Coelarthrum muelleri

Rhodymeniaceae



×



×

43

Phaeophyta

Colpomenia sinuosa

Scytosiphonaceae



×





44

Rhodophyta

Corallina berteroi

Corallinaceae



×





45

Rhodophyta

Cryptonema undulata

Halymeniaceae



×





46

Phaeophyta

Cystoseira indica

Sargassaceae









47

Phaeophyta

Cystoseira trinodis

Sargassaceae







×

48

Rhodophyta

Dasya punicea

Dasyaceae



×



×

49

Rhodophyta

Dermonema virens

Liagoraceae







×

50

Phaeophyta

Dictyopteris australis

Dictyotaceae



×





51

Phaeophyta

Dictyopteris delicatula

Dictyotaceae







×

52

Chlorophyta Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Siphonocladaceae



×



×

53

Phaeophyta

Dictyota cervicornis

Dictyotaceae







×

54

Phaeophyta

Dictyota ciliolata

Dictyotaceae







×

55

Phaeophyta

Dictyota dichotoma

Dictyotaceae









56

Phaeophyta

Dictyota pinnatifida

Dictyotaceae



×





57

Rhodophyta

Digenea simplex

Rhodomelaceae







×

58

Phaeophyta

Ectocarpus siliculosus

Phaeophyceae





×

×

59

Chlorophyta Enteromorpha compressa

Ulvaceae









60

Chlorophyta Enteromorpha flexuosa

Ulvaceae



×





61

Chlorophyta Enteromorpha intestinalis

Ulvaceae



×





172

Annexure

Sr. No.

Div

Species name

Family

ICZMP

GEC, 2013

Jha et al. 2009

Shahoo, 2010

62

Chlorophyta Enteromorpha linza

Ulvaceae



×



×

63

Rhodophyta

Gastroclonium iyengarii

Champiaceae







×

64

Rhodophyta

Gelidium acerosa

Gelidiellaceae



×

×



65

Rhodophyta

Gelidium micropterum

Gelidiaceae



×



×

66

Rhodophyta

Gelidium pusillum

Gelidiaceae









67

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria corticata

Gracilariaceae









68

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria corticata Var. cylindrica

Gracilariaceae



×





69

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria debilis

Gracilariaceae



×



×

70

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria dura

Gracilariaceae



×



×

71

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria fergersonii

Gracilariaceae



×



×

72

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria foliifera

Gracilariaceae









73

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria salicornia

Gracilariaceae







×

74

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria textorii

Gracilariaceae







×

75

Rhodophyta

Gracilaria verrucosa

Gracilariaceae



×





76

Rhodophyta

Grateloupia indica

Halymeniaceae



×





77

Rhodophyta

Griffithsia corallinoides

Wrangeliaceae



×





78

Chlorophyta Halimeda macroloba

Halimedaceae









79

Chlorophyta Halimeda tuna

Halimedaceae









80

Rhodophyta

Haloplegma duperreyi Wrangeliaceae



×



×

81

Rhodophyta

Halymenia porphyraeformis

Halymeniaceae









82

Rhodophyta

Halymenia porphyroides

Halymeniaceae



×



×

83

Rhodophyta

Halymenia venusta

Halymeniaceae









84

Rhodophyta

Heterosiphonia crispella

Dasyaceae



×



×

173

Annexure

GEC,

Shahoo,

Sr. No.

Div

85

Rhodophyta

Heterosiphonia muelleri

Dasyaceae



×



×

86

Phaeophyta

Hincksia mitchelliae

Acinetosporaceae



×



×

87

Phaeophyta

Hormophysa cuneiformis

Sargassaceae



×





88

Phaeophyta

Hydroclathrus clathratus

Scytosiphonaceae









89

Rhodophyta

Hypnea esperi

Cystocloniaceae



×



×

90

Rhodophyta

Hypnea musciformis

Cystocloniaceae



×





91

Rhodophyta

Hypnea pannosa

Cystocloniaceae



×



×

92

Rhodophyta

Hypnea spinella

Cystocloniaceae



×



×

93

Rhodophyta

Hypnea valentiae

Cystocloniaceae









94

Rhodophyta

Hypoglossum heterocystideum

Delesseriaceae







×

95

Phaeophyta

Iyengaria stellata

Scytosiphonaceae









96

Rhodophyta

Jania rubens

Corallinaceae



×





97

Rhodophyta

Kappaphycus alvarezii

Solieriaceae



×





98

Rhodophyta

Laurencia cruciata

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

99

Rhodophyta

Laurencia glandulifera

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

100

Rhodophyta

Laurencia majuscula

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

101

Rhodophyta

Laurencia obtusa

Rhodomelaceae









102

Rhodophyta

Laurencia papillosa

Rhodomelaceae







×

103

Rhodophyta

Laurencia platyclada

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

104

Rhodophyta

Laurencia sp.

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

105

Rhodophyta

Levellea jaugermanniodes

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

106

Phaeophyta

Levringia boergesenii

Chordariaceae



×





107

Rhodophyta

Liagora ceranoides

Liagoraceae



×



×

Species name

Family

ICZMP

2013

Jha et al. 2009

174

2010

Annexure

GEC,

Shahoo,

Sr. No.

Div

Species name

108

Phaeophyta

Lobophora variegata

Dictyotaceae



×





109

Rhodophyta

Lophocladia lallemandi

Rhodomelaceae



×



×

110

Chlorophyta Monostroma latissimum

Monostromataceae



×



×

111

Phaeophyta

Padina boergesenii

Dictyotaceae









112

Phaeophyta

Padina boryana

Dictyotaceae



×



×

113

Phaeophyta

Padina tetrastromatica

Dictyotaceae









114

Rhodophyta

Peyssonnelia obscura

Peyssonneliaceae



×



×

115

Rhodophyta

Platysiphonia delicata

Sarcomeniaceae



×



×

116

Rhodophyta

Polysiphonia denudata

Rhodomelaceae



×





117

Rhodophyta

Porphyra sp.

Bangiaceae



×

×

×

118

Rhodophyta

Rhodymenia dissecta

Rhodymeniaceae



×

×



119

Rhodophyta

Rhodymenia sonderi

Rhodymeniaceae



×



×

120

Phaeophyta

Rosenvingea intricata

Scytosiphonaceae



×



×

121

Rhodophyta

Sarconema filiforme

Solieriaceae









122

Phaeophyta

Sargassum cinctum

Sargassaceae







×

123

Phaeophyta

Sargassum cinereum

Sargassaceae









124

Phaeophyta

Sargassum johnstonii

Sargassaceae



×





125

Phaeophyta

Sargassum plagiophyllum

Sargassaceae



×



×

126

Phaeophyta

Sargassum prismaticum

Sargassaceae



×



×

127

Phaeophyta

Sargassum swartzii

Sargassaceae



×





128

Phaeophyta

Sargassum tenerrimum

Sargassaceae









129

Phaeophyta

Sargassum vulgare

Sargassaceae



×



×

130

Rhodophyta

Scinaia carnosa

Scinaiaceae









Family

ICZMP

2013

Jha et al. 2009

175

2010

Annexure

GEC,

Shahoo,

Sr. No.

Div

131

Rhodophyta

Scinaia complanata

Scinaiaceae







×

132

Rhodophyta

Scinaia monoliformis

Scinaiaceae



×





133

Rhodophyta

Sebdenia flabellata

Sebdeniaceae



×



×

134

Rhodophyta

Solieria chordalis

Solieriaceae







×

135

Rhodophyta

Solieria robusta

Solieriaceae









136

Phaeophyta

Spatoglossum asperum

Dictyotaceae









137

Rhodophyta

Spyridia alternans

Spyridiaceae







×

138

Rhodophyta

Spyridia filamentosa

Spyridiaceae







×

139

Phaeophyta

Stoechospermum marginatum

Dictyotaceae



×





140

Chlorophyta Struvea anastomosans

Boodleaceae







×

141

Rhodophyta

Tricleocarpa fragilis

Galaxauraceae



×



×

142

Phaeophyta

Turbinaria ornata

Sargassaceae



×





143

Chlorophyta Udotea indica

Udoteaceae



×





144

Chlorophyta Ulva conglobata

Ulvaceae



×



×

145

Chlorophyta Ulva fasciata

Ulvaceae



×





146

Chlorophyta Ulva lactuca

Ulvaceae









147

Chlorophyta Ulva reticulata

Ulvaceae









148

Chlorophyta Ulva rigida

Ulvaceae



×



×

149

Chlorophyta Valonia aegagropila

Valoniaceae



×



×

150

Chlorophyta Valonia utricularis

Valoniaceae



×





151

Chlorophyta Valoniopsis pachynema

Valoniaceae



×



×

152

Chlorophyta Ulva clatharata

Ulvaceae





×

×

153

Chlorophyta Ulva sp.

Ulvaceae



×

×



Species name

Family

ICZMP

2013

Jha et al. 2009

176

2010

Annexures

Annexure-4.1: List of Crustaceans species recorded in GoKtill end of June’14 Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Epialtidae

Acanthonyx

euryseroche

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Xanthidae

Atergatis

integerrimus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Xanthidae

Atergatis

floridus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Charybdis

acutifrons

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Charybdis

feriatus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Charybdis

helleri

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Charybdis

natator

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Diogenidae

Clibanarius

infraspinatus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Diogenidae

Clibanarius

humilis

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Xanthidae

Etisus

laevimanus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Grapsidae

Grapsus

albolineatus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Parthenopidae

Lambrus

prensor

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Xanthidae

Leptodius

euglyptus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Matutidae

Matuta

planipes

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Matutidae

Matuta

Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Menippidae

Menippe

rumphii

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Grapsidae

Metopograpsus

messor

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Porcellanidae

Petrolisthes

boscii

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Xanthoidae

Pilodius

areolatus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Pilumnidae

Pilumnus

vespertilo

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Portunus

pelagicus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Portunus

sanguinolentus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Xanthidae

Pseudoliomera

sp.1 - Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Xanthidae

Pseudoliomera

sp.2 - Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Majidae

Schizophrys

Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Scylla

serata

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Thalamita

crenata

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Thalamita

prymna

Crab

177

Annexures

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Thalamita

sp. - Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Epialtidae

Tylocarcinus

Styx

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Ocypodidae

Uca

lactea annulipes

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Ocypodidae

Uca

moriones

Crustacea

Decapoda

Portunidae

Panulirus

polyphagus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Penaeidae

Penaeus

Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Penaeidae

Penaeus

Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Penaeidae

Peneaus

Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Alpheidae

Alpheus

Need to identify

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Stomatopoda

Odontodactylidae

Odontodactylus

scyllarus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Penaeidae

Parapenaeopsis

sculptilis

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Palaemonidae

Periclimenes

brevicarpalis

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Hippolytidae

Saron

marmoratus

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Decapoda

Hippolytidae

Saron

sp. Need to identify

Crustacea

Stomatopoda

Squillidae

Oratosquilla

nepa

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Sessilia

Balanidae

Balanus

amphithte

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Sessilia

Balanidae

Balanus

tintinnabulum

Arthropoda

Crustacea

Lepadiformes

Lepadidae

Lepas

tesudinata

Lobster Arthropoda Prawn

shrimp

Squilla Arthropoda Barnecle

178

Annexures

Bhaidar

Bhaisbid

Boria

Chank

Dedeka-Mundeka

Dhani

Dwarka

Gandhiya Kado

Goose

Kalubhar

Khara-Mitha chusna

Khimarakhat

Laku

Narara

Noru

Paga

Panero

Pashu

Shan ni Ani

Shivrajpur

Sikka

VudaKuda reef

76. 9

70. 6

66. 7

71. 4

66. 7

68. 6

62. 9

71. 0

72. 2

81. 3

72. 2

64. 0

71. 4

66. 7

62. 1

66. 7

74. 1

68. 8

54. 5

62.9

71. 4

66. 7

62. 9

59. 3

60. 0

55. 2

66. 7

60. 0

58. 1

58. 1

66. 7

62. 5

57. 1

62. 5

66. 7

66. 7

50. 0

56. 0

55. 2

69. 6

57. 1

55. 6

58.1

66. 7

69. 0

58. 1

52. 2

81. 1

75. 0

57. 1

82. 1

82. 1

80. 0

80. 0

72. 2

85. 0

55. 2

56. 3

85. 0

54. 5

81. 1

64. 5

83. 3

38. 5

82.1

81. 3

81. 1

76. 9

58. 1

77. 4

51. 9

94. 7

89. 5

70. 6

71. 8

68. 6

92. 3

64. 3

51. 6

71. 8

50. 0

72. 2

60. 0

68. 6

24. 0

89.5

77. 4

77. 8

84. 2

46. 7

63. 6

78. 8

72. 7

69. 0

64. 7

66. 7

76. 5

60. 9

53. 8

70. 6

59. 3

71. 0

72. 0

66. 7

40. 0

72.7

76. 9

71. 0

66. 7

40. 0

55. 2

55. 2

56. 0

60. 0

53. 8

53. 3

63. 2

63. 6

60. 0

52. 2

59. 3

57. 1

61. 5

50. 0

55.2

72. 7

51. 9

55. 2

38. 1

90. 0

72. 2

73. 2

75. 7

92. 7

60. 0

54. 5

73. 2

58. 8

73. 7

62. 5

70. 3

29. 6

90.0

78. 8

78. 9

85. 0

43. 8

72. 2

73. 2

70. 3

92. 7

60. 0

60. 6

73. 2

47. 1

68. 4

56. 3

70. 3

37. 0

100. 0

72. 7

78. 9

90. 0

50. 0

75. 7

60. 6

70. 3

61. 5

41. 4

64. 9

40. 0

64. 7

50. 0

78. 8

26. 1

72.2

62. 1

70. 6

66. 7

42. 9

Ajad

*

Bet Dwarka

*

*

Bhaidar

*

*

*

Bhaisbid

*

*

*

*

Boria

*

*

*

*

*

Chank

*

*

*

*

*

*

DedekaMundeka

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Dhani

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Dwarka

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Pirotan

Bet Dwarka

Ajad

Annexure-4.2: Similarity Matrix of Island of GoK based on Species composition (Crustacean)

179

Khara-Mitha chusna

Khimarakhat

Laku

Narara

Noru

Paga

Panero

Pashu

Shan ni Ani

Shivrajpur

Sikka

VudaKuda reef

73.2

70. 6

66. 7

78. 0

60. 6

78. 9

59. 3

66. 7

73. 7

58. 1

68. 6

69. 0

58. 8

58. 3

70.3

66. 7

68. 6

70. 3

62. 1

58. 1

64. 7

76. 2

57. 1

71. 8

66. 7

68. 4

42. 9

92.7

76. 5

82. 1

87. 8

54. 5

52. 2

51. 6

33. 3

50. 0

63. 6

44. 4

35. 3

60.0

69. 6

64. 3

53. 3

45. 5

58. 8

66. 7

58. 1

64. 0

46. 7

70. 0

60.6

61. 5

58. 1

60. 6

48. 0

68. 6

87. 2

60. 6

78. 9

42. 9

73.2

76. 5

71. 8

73. 2

54. 5

68. 8

61. 5

58. 1

57. 1

47.1

59. 3

50. 0

52. 9

38. 5

73. 3

74. 3

40. 0

68.4

77. 4

61. 1

78. 9

60. 0

48. 3

52. 6

56.3

72. 0

60. 0

62. 5

58. 3

41. 7

70.3

66. 7

62. 9

70. 3

55. 2

Gandhiya Kado

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Goose

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Kalubhar

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

KharaMitha chusna

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Khimarakh at

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Laku

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Narara

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Noru

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Paga

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Panero

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Pirotan

Kalubhar

35. 7

Gandhiya Kado

78. 9

Dwarka

60. 6

Dhani

82. 1

Dedeka-Mundeka

51. 4

Chank

76. 2

Boria

52. 9

Bhaisbid

58. 1

Bhaidar

71. 4

Bet Dwarka

68. 4

Ajad

Goose

Annexures

180

Ajad

Bet Dwarka

Bhaidar

Bhaisbid

Boria

Chank

Dedeka-Mundeka

Dhani

Dwarka

Gandhiya Kado

Goose

Kalubhar

Khara-Mitha chusna

Khimarakhat

Laku

Narara

Noru

Paga

Panero

Pashu

Pirotan

Shan ni Ani

Shivrajpur

Sikka

VudaKuda reef

Annexures

Pashu

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

37.0

40. 0

40. 0

44. 4

52. 6

Pirotan

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

72. 7

78. 9

90. 0

50. 0

Shan ni Ani

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

71. 0

66. 7

48. 0

Shivrajpur

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

73. 7

53. 3

Sikka

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

VudaKuda reef

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

62. 5 *

181

Annexures

Annexure-4.3: List of Molluscs recorded in the GoK till end of June’14 S.N

Class

Subclass

Order

Superfamily

Family

Genus

Species

1

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Cardioidea

Cardiidae

Maoricadium

setosum

2

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Cardioidea

Cardiidae

Vasticardium

flavum flavum

3

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Cardioidea

Cardiidae

Vepricardium

4

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Cardioidea

Cardiidae

Vasticardium

elongatum

5

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Carditoida

Carditoidea

Carditidae

Cardita

calyculata

6

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Tellinoidea

Psammobiidae

Gari

radiate

7

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Veneroidea

Veneridae

Dosinia

8

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Veneroidea

Veneridae

Atrina

serrata

9

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Veneroidea

Veneridae

Periglypta

reticulata

10

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Veneroidea

Veneridae

Paphia

rotundata

11

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Veneroidea

Veneridae

Paphia

malabarica

12

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Veneroidea

Veneridae

Protapes

gallus

13

Bivalvia

Heterodonta

Veneroida

Veneroidea

Veneridae

Paphia

textile

14

Bivalvia

Pteriomorphia

Arcoida

Arcoidea

Arcidae

Anadara

gubernaculum

15

Bivalvia

Pteriomorphia

Arcoida

Arcoidea

Noetiidae

Striarca

symmetrica

16

Bivalvia

Pteriomorphia

Ostreoida

Ostreoidea

Ostreidae

Crassostrea

Need to identify

17

Bivalvia

Pteriomorphia

Pectinoida

Pectinoidea

Pectinidae

Pectin

Need to identify

18

Bivalvia

Pteriomorphia

Pterioida

Pinnoidea

Pinnidae

Pinna

19

Bivalvia

Pteriomorphia

Pterioida

Pinnoidea

Pinnidae

Pinna

Need to identify

Need to identify

bicolour Need to identify

182

Annexures

S.N

Class

Subclass

Order

Superfamily

Family

Genus

Species

20

Bivalvia

Pteriomorphia

Pterioida

Pinnoidea

Pinnidae

Atrina

vexillum

21

Bivalvia

Pteriomorphia

Pterioida

Pterioidea

Pteriidae

Pinctada

imbricata fucata

22

Cephalopoda

Coleoidea

Myopsida

Loliginidae

Sepioteuthis

23

Cephalopoda

Coleoidea

Octopoda

Octopodoidea

Octopodidae

Octopus

Vulgaris

24

Cephalopoda

Coleoidea

Octopoda

Octopodoidea

Octopodidae

Octopus

Need to identify

25

Cephalopoda

Coleoidea

Sepiida

Sepiidae

Sepia

Need to identify

26

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Buccinidae

Pollia

undosa

27

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Columbellidae

Pyrene

flava

28

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Columbellidae

Pyrene

29

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Columbellidae

Pyrene

versicolor

30

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Columbellidae

Mitrella

blanda

31

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Melongenidae

Volegalea

cochlidium

32

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Melongenidae

Pugilina

33

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Nassariidae

Nassarius

distortus

34

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Nassariidae

Nassarius

sufflatus

35

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Nassariidae

Nassarius

olivaceus

36

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Buccinoidea

Nassariidae

Nassarius

reeveanus

37

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Conoidea

Conidae

Conus

dictator

38

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Babyloniidae

Babylonia

spirata

39

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Mitridae

Mitra

Need to identify

Need to identify

Need to identify

Sp. Need to identify

183

Annexures

S.N

Class

Subclass

Order

Superfamily

Family

Genus

Species

40

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Mitridae

Mitra

41

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Mitridae

Mitra

scutulata

42

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Mitridae

Mitra

guttata

43

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Chicoreus

Need to identify

44

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Chicoreus

sp. Need to identify

45

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Chicoreus

brunneus

46

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Chicoreus

ramosus

47

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Chicoreus

48

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Indothais

sacellum

49

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Murex

ternispina

50

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Thais

sp.

51

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Indothais

lacera

52

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Muricoidea

Muricidae

Haustellum

haustellum

53

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Olivoidea

Olividae

oliva

caerulea

54

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Olivoidea

Olividae

oliva

Need to identify

55

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Neogastropoda

Olivoidea

Olividae

Olivancillaria

Need to identify

56

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Ovulidae

Phenacovolva

rosea

57

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Erosaria

ocellata

58

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Erosaria

turdus

59

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Erronea

onyx

sp. Need to identify

sp. Need to identify

184

Annexures

S.N

Class

Subclass

Order

Superfamily

Family

Genus

Species

60

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Lyncina

lynx

61

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Mauritia

grayana

62

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Mauritia

arabica

63

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Palmadusta

lentiginosa

64

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Monetaria

annulus

65

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Cypraeoidea

Cypraeidae

Erronea

pallida

66

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Littorinoidea

Littorinidae

Littoraria

intermedia

67

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Naticoidea

Naticidae

Natica

picta

68

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Naticoidea

Naticidae

Natica

69

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Naticoidea

Naticidae

Neverita

didyma

70

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Stromboidea

Rostellariidae

Tibia

insulaechorab

71

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Tonnoidea

Ranellidae

Gyrineum

natator

72

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Tonnoidea

Bursidae

Bufonaria

echinata

73

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Tonnoidea

Bursidae

Bursa

granularis

74

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Littorinimorpha

Xenophoroidea

Xenophoridae

Stellaria

solaris

75

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Cerithioidea

Cerithiidae

Batillaria

sordida

76

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Cerithioidea

Cerithiidae

Cerithium

scabridum

77

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Cerithioidea

Cerithiidae

Cerithium

coralium

78

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Cerithioidea

Planaxidae

Planaxis

sulcatus

79

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Cerithioidea

Potamididae

Cerithidea

cingulata

Need to identify

185

Annexures

S.N

Class

Subclass

Order

80

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Caenogastropoda

81

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Caenogastropoda

82

Gastropoda

83

Superfamily

Family

Genus

Species

Cerithioidea

Potamididae

Telescopium

telescopium

Cerithioidea

Cerithiidae

Cerithium

echinatum

Caenogastropoda

Cerithioidea

Turritellidae

Turritella

duplicata

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Cerithioidea

Turritellidae

Turritella

terebra

84

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Cerithioidea

Turritellidae

Turritella

columnaris

85

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Pyramidelloidea

Pyramidellidae

Turbinella

pyrum

86

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Cephalaspidea

Bulloidea

Bullidae

Bulla

ampulla

87

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Anaspidea

Aplysioidea

Aplysiidae

Aplysia

dactylomela

88

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Systellommatophora

Onchidioidea

Onchidiidae

Onchidium

tigrinum

89

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Systellommatophora

Onchidioidea

Onchidiidae

Onchidium

Need to identify

90

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Systellommatophora

Onchidioidea

Onchidiidae

Onchidium

sp. Need to identify

91

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Systellommatophora

Onchidioidea

Onchidiidae

Onchidium

sp. Need to identify

92

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Aeolidioidea

Aeolidiidae

Aeolidia

sp. Need to identify

93

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Aeolidioidea

Aeolidiidae

Aeolidia

sp. Need to identify

94

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Aeolidioidea

Facelinidae

Pteraeolidia

ianthina

95

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Aeolidioidea

Facelinidae

Sakuraeolis

gujaratica

96

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Aeolidioidea

Facelinidae

Phyllodesmium

Need to identify

97

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Doridoidea

Chromodorididae

Hypselodoris

infucata

98

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Doridoidea

Chromodorididae

Hypselodoris

sagamiensis

99

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Doridoidea

Discodorididae

Hoplodoris

grandiflora

186

Annexures

S.N

Class

Subclass

Order

Superfamily

Family

Genus

Species

100

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Doridoidea

Discodorididae

Jorunna

funebris

101

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Doridoidea

Discodorididae

Sclerodoris

tuberculata

102

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Doridoidea

Discodorididae

Atagema

rugosa

103

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Doridoidea

Discodorididae

Tayuva

lilacina

104

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Phyllidioidea

Dendrodorididae

Doriopsilla

miniata

105

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Tritonioidea

Bornellidae

Bornella

stellifer

106

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Nudibranchia

Tritonioidea

Tritonioidea

Bornella

Need to identify

107

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Cephalaspidea

Haminoeoidea

Haminoeidae

Haminoea

Need to identify

108

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Sacoglossa

Plakobranchoidea

Plakobranchidae

Elysia

ornata

109

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Sacoglossa

Plakobranchoidea

Plakobranchidae

Elysia

tomentosa

110

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Sacoglossa

Plakobranchoidea

Plakobranchidae

Elysia

obtusa

111

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Cephalaspidea

Philinoidea

Philinidae

Philine

lima

112

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Anaspidea

Aplysioidea

Aplysiidae

Aplysia

oculifera

113

Gastropoda

Neritimorpha

Cycloneritimorpha

Neritoidea

Neritidae

Neritina

violacea

114

Gastropoda

Neritimorpha

Cycloneritimorpha

Neritoidea

Neritidae

Nerita

albicilla

115

Gastropoda

Neritimorpha

Cycloneritimorpha

Neritoidea

Neritidae

Nerita

oryzarum

116

Gastropoda

Neritimorpha

Cycloneritimorpha

Neritoidea

Neritidae

Nerita

litterata

117

Gastropoda

Neritimorpha

Cycloneritimorpha

Neritoidea

Neritidae

Nerita

sp. Need to identify

118

Gastropoda

Patellogastropoda

Lottioidea

Nacellidae

Cellana

radiata

119

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Angarioidea

Angariidae

Angaria

delphinus

187

Annexures

S.N

Class

Subclass

Order

Superfamily

Family

Genus

Species

120

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Fissurelloidea

Fissurellidae

Clypidina

notata

121

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Fissurelloidea

Fissurellidae

Diodora

lima

122

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Fissurelloidea

Fissurellidae

Scutus

unguis

123

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Fissurelloidea

Fissurellidae

Diodora

singaporensis

124

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Seguenzioidea

Chilodontidae

Euchelus

asper

125

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Calliostomatidae

Calliostoma

laugieri

126

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Calliostomatidae

Calliostoma

tranquebaricam

127

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Tegulidae

Tectus

tentorium

128

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Trochidae

Clanculus

ceylonicus

129

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Trochidae

Ethalia

carneolata

130

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Trochidae

Monodonta

australis

131

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Trochidae

Pseudominolia

gradata

132

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Trochidae

Tectus

nilotichus

133

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Trochidae

Trochus

radiatus

134

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Trochidae

Umbonium

vestiarium

135

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Trochidae

Stomatia

phymotis

136

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Turbinidae

Astraea

Need to identify

137

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Turbinidae

Astralium

Need to identify

138

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Turbinidae

Astralium

semicostatum

139

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Turbinidae

Lunella

coronata

188

Annexures

S.N

Class

Subclass

Order

Superfamily

Family

Genus

Species

140

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Turbinidae

Turbo

intercostalis

141

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Turbinidae

Turbo

bruneus

142

Gastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Trochoidea

Turbinidae

Turbo

argyrostomus

143

Scaphopoda

Dentaliida

Dentaliidae

Dentalium

aprinum

144

Scaphopoda

Dentaliida

Dentaliidae

Dentalium

Need to identify

145

Polyplacophora

Neoloricata

Chitonida

Chitonoidea

Chitonidae

Chiton

sp. Need to identify

146

Polyplacophora

Neoloricata

Chitonida

Chitonoidea

Chitonidae

Chiton

sp. Need to identify

147

Polyplacophora

Neoloricata

Chitonida

Chitonoidea

Chitonidae

Chiton

sp. Need to identify

189

Annexures

Gandhiya Kado

Goose

Kalubhar

Khara-Mitha chusna

Khimarakhat

Laku

Narara

Noru

Paga

Panero

Pashu

Pirotan

Shan ni Ani

Shivrajpur

Sikka

VudaKuda reef

Dwarka

Dwarka

Dhani

Dhani

DedekaMundeka

DedekaMundeka

Chank

Chank

Boria

Boria

Bhaisbid

Bhaisbid

Bhaidar

Bhaidar

Bet Dwarka

Bet Dwarka

Ajad

Ajad

Annexure-4.4: Similarity Matrix of Island of GoK based on Species composition (Mollusc)

*

48. 1

69. 1

41. 5

56. 0

55. 8

40. 7

58. 6

65. 3

57. 6

61. 5

53. 1

58. 8

54. 2

54. 2

63. 2

62. 1

55. 2

54. 5

51. 7

52. 9

52. 5

60. 4

61. 0

65. 5

*

50. 8

66. 7

48. 1

38. 3

88. 9

48. 4

45. 3

44. 4

46. 4

47. 1

40. 0

46. 2

38. 1

36. 1

45. 2

38. 7

44. 1

41. 9

47. 2

46. 2

49. 1

50. 8

58. 1

*

37. 9

72. 7

54. 2

46. 9

66. 7

66. 7

81. 3

49. 1

69. 6

60. 7

45. 3

59. 4

48. 4

76. 2

50. 8

66. 7

41. 3

57. 5

63. 6

58. 6

59. 4

66. 7

*

45. 3

26. 1

71. 0

32. 8

42. 3

29. 0

36. 4

32. 8

25. 9

39. 2

41. 9

43. 3

42. 6

32. 8

31. 0

36. 1

39. 4

37. 5

53. 6

45. 2

49. 2

*

41. 9

44. 1

48. 3

53. 1

64. 4

46. 2

53. 1

43. 1

50. 0

78. 0

45. 6

82. 8

48. 3

50. 9

41. 4

52. 9

62. 3

49. 1

44. 1

55. 2

*

38. 5

47. 1

57. 1

46. 2

66. 7

52. 6

45. 5

68. 3

34. 6

48. 0

51. 0

58. 8

45. 8

54. 9

32. 8

40. 7

47. 8

53. 8

62. 7

*

44. 8

44. 8

41. 2

45. 9

46. 6

36. 7

45. 6

38. 2

39. 4

41. 8

47. 8

40. 6

44. 8

49. 4

42. 9

51. 6

52. 9

56. 7

*

52. 6

71. 6

53. 3

83. 3

88. 1

50. 0

44. 8

49. 2

51. 5

54. 5

73. 0

42. 4

63. 2

69. 6

49. 2

59. 7

48. 5

*

65. 5

47. 1

50. 8

48. 0

42. 6

48. 3

50. 0

52. 6

45. 6

51. 9

38. 6

44. 8

46. 7

69. 2

55. 2

56. 1

* * * * * * * *

* * * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * *

* * * *

* * *

* *

*

190

Noru

Paga

Panero

Pashu

Pirotan

Shan ni Ani

Shivrajpur

Sikka

VudaKuda reef

Dwarka *

Narara

*

Laku

*

Dhani

DedekaMundeka

Chank *

Khimarakhat

*

Khara-Mitha chusna

*

Boria

Bhaisbid

Bhaidar *

Kalubhar

*

Goose

*

Gandhiya Kado

Gandhiya Kado

Bet Dwarka

Ajad

Annexures

*

39. 3

76. 7

66. 7

35. 1

50. 0

39. 4

68. 7

44. 8

75. 0

38. 8

59. 7

65. 7

51. 6

52. 9

50. 7

49. 1

72. 0

45. 9

64. 4

56. 7

76. 7

42. 1

63. 3

48. 6

57. 1

54. 5

62. 3

66. 7

Goose

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

54. 5

Kalubhar

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

76. 9

48. 4

49. 3

47. 9

58. 3

61. 1

75. 4

47. 2

63. 4

72. 0

50. 7

68. 5

55. 6

Khara-Mitha chusna

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

44. 9

40. 0

41. 4

44. 1

44. 1

67. 9

37. 3

49. 3

61. 3

44. 4

56. 7

44. 1

*

45. 6

58. 2

50. 0

60. 7

45. 3

57. 1

48. 5

54. 2

54. 9

52. 6

60. 7

*

54. 5

74. 6

53. 7

40. 6

47. 8

51. 9

57. 1

41. 9

44. 1

47. 8

*

55. 4

73. 8

38. 7

58. 5

53. 3

50. 0

53. 3

60. 6

58. 5

*

54. 5

50. 8

45. 5

55. 3

63. 8

49. 2

50. 7

63. 6

*

47. 6

72. 7

60. 5

60. 9

52. 5

65. 7

66. 7

*

41. 3

60. 3

66. 7

44. 8

56. 3

47. 6

Khimarakhat Laku Narara Noru Paga Panero

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * * *

* * * * *

* * * *

* * *

* *

*

191

*

* *

* * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

Panero

Paga

Noru

Narara

Laku

Khimarakhat

Khara-Mitha chusna

Kalubhar

Goose

Gandhiya Kado

Dwarka

Dhani

DedekaMundeka

Chank

Boria

Bhaisbid

Bhaidar *

*

*

*

* * * *

VudaKuda reef

*

*

*

*

Sikka

*

*

*

*

Shivrajpur

Shivrajpur

*

*

*

Shan ni Ani

Shan ni Ani

*

*

Pirotan

Pirotan

*

Pashu

Pashu

Bet Dwarka

Ajad

Annexures

*

47. 4

52. 2

42. 6

47. 8

54. 5

*

65. 8

47. 9

49. 4

52. 6

*

56. 3

54. 3

60. 9

*

64. 5

65. 6

* * *

* *

*

Sikka

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

77. 6

VudaKuda reef

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

192

Annexures

Annexure-4.5: List of Coral species recorded in GoKtill end of June’14 S.N.

Phylum

Class

Subclass

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Hard Coral 1

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Acroporidae

Montipora

monastriata

2

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Acroporidae

Montipora

foliosa

3

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Acroporidae

Montipora

venosa

4

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Caryophylliidae

Paracyathus

stokesi

5

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Caryophylliidae

Polycythus

verrilli

6

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Dendrophyllidae Tubastrea

aurea

7

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Dendrophyllidae Turbinaria

mesentarina

8

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Dendrophyllidae Turbinaria

peltata

9

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Dendrophyllidae Turbinaria

frondens

10

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Merulinidae

Cyphastrea

serailia

11

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Faviidae

Favia

favus

12

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Faviidae

Favia

speciosa

13

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Faviidae

Barabattoia

amicorum

14

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Merulinidae

Favites

bestae

15

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Merulinidae

Favites

complanata

16

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Merulinidae

Goniastrea

pectinata

17

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Merulinidae

Platygyra

sinensis

18

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Merulinidae

Platygyra

lamellina

19

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Merulinidae

Hydnophora

exesa

20

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Mussidae

Acanthastrea

hillae

21

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Mussidae

Symphyllia

radians

22

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Mussidae

Symphyllia

recta

23

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Poritidae

Goniopora

minor

24

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Poritidae

Goniopora

tenuidens

25

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Poritidae

Porites

compressa

26

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Poritidae

Porites

lichen

27

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Poritidae

Porites

lutea

193

Annexures

S.N.

Phylum

Class

Subclass

Order

Family

Genus

Species

28

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Coscinaraeidae

Coscinaraea

Monile

29

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Coscinaraeidae

Coscinaraea

columna

30

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Siderastreidae

Pseudosiderastrea tayami

31

Cnidaria Anthozoa Hexacorallia Scleractinia

Siderastreidae

Siderastrea

savignyana

Alcyoniidae

Lobophytum

pauciflorum

Soft Coral 1

Cnidaria Anthozoa Octocorallia

Alcyonacea

2

Cnidaria Anthozoa

Octocorallia

Alcyonacea

Alcyoniidae

Sinularia

Need to identify

3

Cnidaria Anthozoa

Octocorallia

Alcyonacea

Plexauridae

Echinogorgia

Need to identify

4

Cnidaria Anthozoa

Octocorallia

Alcyonacea

Nephtheidae

Dendronephthya

Need to identify

5

Cnidaria Anthozoa

Octocorallia

Alcyonacea

Subergorgiidae

Subergorgia

Need to identify

6

Cnidaria Anthozoa

Octocorallia

Pennatulacea

Pennatulidae

Pteroeides

Need to identify

194

Annexures

Khimarakhat

60. 6

77. 4

*

*

70. 6

83. 3

66. 7

81. 8

77. 4

78. 6

96. 0

92. 3

80. 0

57. 1

69. 0

*

*

*

70. 6

87. 0

62. 5

82. 9

84. 2

74. 3

77. 8

90. 0

75. 6

*

66. 7

63. 6

71. 0

78. 6

88. 0

84. 6

73. 3

79. 1

75. 0

70. 3

73. 7

* Bet Dwarka Bhaidar Bhaisbid *

*

*

Boria

64. 3

66. 7

78. 8

58. 8

66. 7

97. 0

75. 0

80. 0

80.0

81. 5

61.1

81. 8

75. 0

76. 9

82. 8

66. 7

75. 0

82. 8

85. 7

92. 3

92.3

87. 2

70. 3

82.6

56. 3

70. 6

77. 8

76. 9

75. 0

90. 5

71. 8

84. 2

77. 8

77.8

62. 9

75. 9

81. 5

61.1

72. 7

75. 0

76. 9

82. 8

66. 7

68. 8

69. 0

85. 7

84. 6

84.6

81. 0

85. 1

82. 9

66. 7

79.2

52. 9

61. 1

73. 7

73. 2

71. 4

81. 8

63. 4

80. 0

68. 4

73.7

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

62. 1

69. 2

78. 3

75. 0

71. 4

48. 5

66. 7

64. 0

52.9

70. 0

72. 7

58. 3

66. 7

64. 3

60. 0

66. 7

69. 2

75. 0

75.0

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

80. 0

75. 0

78. 8

81. 1

76. 2

72. 2

76. 5

74.4

62. 1

71. 0

78. 8

72. 2

81. 1

92. 3

72. 2

85. 7

78. 8

84.8

*

82. 8

86. 7

88. 2

66. 7

84. 8

77. 4

75.0

61. 5

85. 7

73. 3

84. 8

70. 6

83. 3

66. 7

81. 3

86. 7

86.7

77. 4

61. 1

73. 3

78. 6

64.9

78. 3

80. 0

74. 1

86. 7

64. 5

72. 7

80. 0

89. 7

96. 3

88.9

87.

64.

77.

82.

68.4

75.

76.

85.

90.

68.

82.

77.

86.

85.

92.9

Dhani *

*

*

*

*

*

*

Dwarka Gandhiya

65.0

69. 2

58. 8

Chank DedekaMundeka

VudaKuda reef

Khara-Mitha chusna

51. 3

Sikka

Kalubhar

70. 6

Shivrajpur

Goose

80. 0

Shan ni Ani

Gandhiya Kado

82. 8

Pirotan

Dwarka

68. 8

Pashu

Dhani

68. 6

Panero

Dedeka-Mundeka

69. 2

Paga

Chank

60. 0

Noru

Boria

71. 4

Narara

Bhaisbid

68. 4

Ajad

Laku

Bhaidar

85. 7

Ajad

Bet Dwarka

Annexure-4.6: Similarity Matrix of Island of GoK based on Species composition (Coral)

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

88. 9

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

195

Khara-Mitha chusna

Khimarakhat

Narara

Noru

Paga

Panero

Pashu

Pirotan

Shan ni Ani

Shivrajpur

Sikka

9

4

8

0

9

7

3

8

4

4

7

7

68. 3

85. 7

78. 8

76.2

64. 3

73. 3

75. 0

80. 0

77. 8

89. 5

68. 6

76. 5

81. 3

87.5

*

70. 0

57. 9

68.1

54. 5

51. 4

75. 7

70. 0

68. 3

74. 4

55. 0

71. 8

59. 5

64.9

*

75. 0

73.2

51. 9

69. 0

71. 0

76. 5

68. 6

81. 1

64. 7

78. 8

71. 0

77.4

66.7

72. 0

66. 7

69. 0

81. 3

72. 7

74. 3

75. 0

77. 4

75. 9

89.7

*

52. 9

66. 7

63. 2

68. 3

76. 2

77. 3

68. 3

70. 0

68. 4

68.4

*

54. 5

75. 0

66. 7

64. 3

60. 0

66. 7

69. 2

75. 0

75.0

*

61. 5

75. 9

66. 7

68. 8

62. 1

78. 6

84. 6

76.9

*

77. 4

68. 8

82. 4

71. 0

86. 7

71. 4

78.6

Goose *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Kalubhar * KharaMitha chusna Khimarakha t

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

*

* *

* *

*

*

Laku *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Narara *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Noru *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Paga *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

VudaKuda reef

Kalubhar

5

Kado

Laku

Goose

Gandhiya Kado

Dwarka

Dhani

Dedeka-Mundeka

Chank

Boria

Bhaisbid

Bhaidar

Bet Dwarka

Ajad

Annexures

196

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

VudaKuda reef

*

Sikka

*

Shivrajpur

*

Shan ni Ani

*

Pirotan

Panero

Pashu

Panero

Paga

Noru

Narara

Laku

Khimarakhat

Khara-Mitha chusna

Kalubhar

Goose

Gandhiya Kado

Dwarka

Dhani

Dedeka-Mundeka

Chank

Boria

Bhaisbid

Bhaidar

Bet Dwarka

Ajad

Annexures

62. 9

75. 7

76. 5

84. 8

83. 9

83.9

*

73. 7

62. 9

70. 6

68. 8

75.0

*

70. 3

83. 3

76. 5

82.4

*

78. 8

77. 4

77.4 86.7

Pashu *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Pirotan *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Shan ni Ani *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Shivrajpur Sikka VudaKuda reef

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

86. 7

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

85.7

*

85. 7

68. 4

71. 4

60. 0

69. 2

68. 6

68. 8

82. 8

80. 0

70. 6

51. 3

60. 6

77. 4

65.0

69. 2

64. 3

66. 7

78. 8

58. 8

66. 7

97. 0

75. 0

80. 0

80.0

197

Annexures

Annexure-4.7: Checklist of Birds recorded in the GoK till end of June’14 Sr. No.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

GREBES 1

Little Grebe

Tachybaptus ruficollis

Podicipedidae

2

Great Crested Grebe

Podiceps cristatus

Podicipedidae

3

Dalmatian Pelican

Pelecanus crispus

Pelicanidae

4

Great White Pelican

Pelecanus onocrotalus

Pelicanidae

PALICANS

CORMORANTS/SHAGS 5

Little Cormorant

Phalacrocorax niger

Phalacrocoracidae

6

Indian Cormorant

Phalacrocorax fuscicollis

Phalacrocoracidae

7

Great Cormorant

Phalacrocorax carbo

Phalacrocoracidae

Darter

Anhinga melanogaster

DARTER 8

Anhingidae

HERONS,EGRETS & BITTERNS 9

Grey Heron

Ardea cinerea

Ardeidae

10

Little Heron

Butorides striatus

Ardeidae

11

Indian Pond Heron

Ardeola grayii

Ardeidae

12

Purple Heron

Ardea purpurea

Ardeidae

13

Black-Crowned Night Heron

Nycticorax nycticorax

Ardeidae

14

Little Egret

Egretta garzetta

Ardeidae

15

Intermediate Egret

Mesophyox intermedia

Ardeidae

16

Western Reef Egret

Egretta gularis

Ardeidae

17

Great Egret

Casmerodius albus

Ardeidae

18

Cattle Egret

Bubulcus ibis

Ardeidae

19

Painted Stork

Mycteria leucocephala

Ciconiidae

20

Black-Necked Stork

Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus

Ciconiidae

21

Asian Openbill Stork

Anastomus oscitans

Ciconiidae

STORKS

IBISES &SPOONBILLS 22

Black Ibis

Pseudibis papillosa

Threskiornithidae

198

Annexures

Sr. No.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

23

Black-Headed Ibis

Threskiornis melanocephalus

Threskiornithidae

24

Glossy Ibis

Plegadis falcinellus

Threskiornithidae

25

Eurasian Spoonbill

Platalea leucorodia

Threskiornithidae

26

Lesser Flamingo

Phoenicopterus minor

Phoenicopteridae

27

Greater Flamingo

Phoenicopterus ruber

Phoenicopteridae

FLAMINGO

SWANS,GEESE, & DUCKS 28

Spot-Billed Duck

Anas poecilorhyncha

Anatidae

29

Ruddy Shelduck

Tadorna ferrugina

Anatidae

30

Comb Duck

Sarkidiornis melanotos

Anatidae

31

Lesser Whistling Duck

Dendrocygna javanica

Anatidae

32

Tufted Pochard

Aythya fuligula

Anatidae

33

Common Teal

Anas crecca

Anatidae

34

Garganey

Anas querquedula

Anatidae

35

Eurasian Wigeon

Anas Penelope

Anatidae

36

Northern Shoveller

Anas clypeata

Anatidae

37

Northern Pintail

Anas acuta

Anatidae

38

Greylag Goose

Anser anser

Anatidae

39

Mallard

Anas platyrhynchos

Anatidae

40

Gadwall

Anas strepera

Anatidae

41

Common Pochard

Aythya ferina

Anatidae

42

Ferruginous Duck

Aythya nyroca

Anatidae

KITES,HAWKS,EAGLES,BUZZARDS 43

Black-Shouldered Kite

Elanus caeruleus

Accipitridae

44

Brahminy Kite

Haliastur indus

Accipitridae

45

Black Kite

Milvus migrans

Accipitridae

46

Shikra

Accipiter badius

Accipitridae

47

Long-Legged Buzzard

Buteo buteo

Accipitridae

48

Booted Eagle

Hieraaetus pennatus

Accipitridae

49

Short-Toed Snake Eagle

Circaetus gallicus

Accipitridae

50

Steppe Eagle

Aquila nipalensis

Accipitridae

51

Greater Spotted Eagle

Aquila clanga

Accipitridae 199

Annexures

Sr. No.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

52

Bonelli's Eagle

Hieraaetus fasciatus

Accipitridae

53

Eurasian Marsh Harrier

Circus aeruginosus

Accipitridae

54

Montagu's Harrier

Circus pygargus

Accipitridae

55

Pallied Harrier

Circus macrourus

Accipitridae

56

Oriental Honey-Buzzard

Pernis ptilorhyncus

Accipitridae

57

Pallas's Fish Eagle

Haliaeetus leucoryphus

Accipitridae

Osprey

Pandion haliaetus

Pandionidae

59

Peregrine Falcon

Falco peregrinus

Falconidae

60

Common Kestrel

Falco tinnunculus

Falconidae

61

Red-Necked Falcon

Falco chicquera

Falconidae

OSPREY 58 FALCONS

PHEASENT,PARTRIDGES,QUAILS 62

Grey Francolin

Francolinus pondicerianus

Phasianidae

63

Black Francolin

Francolinus francolinus

Phasianidae

64

Common Quail

Coturnix coturnix

Phasianidae

65

Indian Peafowl

Pavo cristatus

Phasianidae

66

Demoiselle Crane

Grus vigor

Gruidae

67

Common Crane

Grus grus

Gruidae

Crane

CRAKES,MOORHENS,COOTS 68

Baillon's Crake

Porzana pusilla

Rallidae

69

Common Moorhen

Gallinula chloropus

Rallidae

70

Purple Swamphen

Porphyrio porphyria

Rallidae

71

White-Breasted Waterhen

Amaurornis phoenicurus

Rallidae

72

Common Coot

Fulica atra

Rallidae

Macqueen's Bustard

Chlamydotis macqueeni

Otididae

Haematopus ostralegus

Haematopodidae

Vanellus indicus

Charadriidae

BUSTARDS 73

OYSTERCATCHER 74

Eurasian Oystercatcher

PLOVERS,DOTTERELS,LAPWINGS 75

Red-Wattled Lapwing

200

Annexures

Sr. No.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

76

Yellow-Wattled Lapwing

Vanellus malabaricus

Charadriidae

77

Sociable Lapwing

Vanellus gregarious

Charadriidae

78

Little Ringed Plover

Charadrius dubius

Charadriidae

79

Kentish Plover

Charadrius alexandrines

Charadriidae

80

Common Ringed Plover

Charadrius hiaticula

Charadriidae

81

Grey Plover

Pluvialis squatarola

Charadriidae

82

Pacific Golden Plover

Pluvialis fulva

Charadriidae

83

European Golden Plover

Pluvialis apricaria

Charadriidae

84

Lesser Sand Plover

Charadrius mongolus

Charadriidae

SANDPIPERS,STINTS,SNIPES,GODWITS & CURLEWS 85

Whimbrel

Numenius phaeopus

Scolopacidae

86

Eurasian Curlew

Numenius arquata

Scolopacidae

87

Black-Tailed Godwit

Limosa limosa

Scolopacidae

88

Bar-Tailed Godwit

Limosa lapponica

Scolopacidae

89

Common Redshank

Tringa tetanus

Scolopacidae

90

Spotted Redshank

Tringa erythropus

Scolopacidae

91

Common Sandpiper

Actitis hypoleucos

Scolopacidae

92

Marsh Sandpiper

Tringa stagnatilis

Scolopacidae

93

Common Greenshank

Tringa nebularia

Scolopacidae

94

Wood Sandpiper

Tringa glareola

Scolopacidae

95

Terek Sandpiper

Xenus cinereus

Scolopacidae

96

Curlew Sandpiper

Calidris ferruginea

Scolopacidae

97

Ruddy Turnstone

Arenarea interpres

Scolopacidae

98

Sanderling

Calidris alba

Scolopacidae

99

Dunlin

Calidris alpine

Scolopacidae

100

Little Stint

Calidris minuta

Scolopacidae

101

Temminck's Stint

Calidris temminckii

Scolopacidae

102

Ruff

Philomachus pugnax

Scolopacidae

Phalaropus lobatus

Scolopacidae

Himantopus himantopus

Recurvirostridae

PHALAROPES 103

Red-Necked Phalarope

AVOCETS & STILT 104

Black-Winged Stilt

201

Annexures

Sr. No. 105

Common Name Pied Avocet

Scientific Name

Family

Recurvirostra avosetta

Recurvirostridae

Dromas ardeola

Dromadidae

CRAB-PLOVERS 106

Crab Plover

THICK-KNEES 107

Great Thick-Knee

Esacus recurvirostris

Burhinidae

108

Eurasian Thick-Knee

Burhinus oedicnemus

Burhinidae

Indian Courser

Cursorius coromandelicus

Glareolidae

COURSERS 109

GULLS & TERN 110

Yellow-Legged Gull

Larus cachinnans

Laridae

111

Black-Headed Gull

Larus ridibundus

Laridae

112

Heuglin's Gull

Larus heuglini

Laridae

113

Slender-Billed Gull

Larus genei

Laridae

114

Brown-Headed Gull

Larus brunnicephalus

Laridae

115

Pallas's Gull

Larus ichthyaetus

Laridae

116

Gull-Billed Tern

Gelochelidon nilotica

Sternidae

117

Caspian Tern

Sterna caspia

Sternidae

118

Little Tern

Sterna albifrons

Sternidae

119

Whiskered Tern

Chlidonias hybridus

Sternidae

120

River Tern

Sterna aurantia

Sternidae

121

Common Tern

Sterna hirundo

Sternidae

122

Saunders's Tern

Sterna saundersi

Sternidae

123

Lesser Crested Tern

Thalasseus bengalensis

Sternidae

124

Indian Skimmer

Rynchops albicollis

Rynchopidae

SANDGROUSE 125

Chestnut-Bellied Sandgrouse

Pterocles exustus

Pteroclidae

126

Painted Sandgrouse

Pterocles indicus

Pteroclidae

Psittacula krameri

Psittacidae

PARAKEETS & HANGING-PARROTS 127

Rose-Ringed Parakeet

PIGEONS & DOVE

128

Blue Rock Pigeon

Columba livia

Columbidae

129

Laughing Dove

Streptopelia senegalensis

Columbidae 202

Annexures

Sr. No.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

130

Eurasian Collared Dove

Streptopelia decaocto

Columbidae

131

Red Collared Dove

Streptopelia tranquebarica

Columbidae

132

Oriental Turtle Dove

Streptopelia orientalis

Columbidae

CUCKOOS & COUCALS 133

Pied Cuckoo

Clamator jacobinus

Cuculidae

134

Greater Coucal

Centropus sinensis

Cuculidae

135

Asian Koel

Eudynamys scolopacea

Cuculidae

136

Short-Eared Owl

Asio flammeus

Strigidae

137

Spotted Owlet

Athene brama

Strigidae

138

Savanna Nightjar

Caprimulgus affinis

Caprimulgidae

139

Indian Nightjar

Caprimulgus asiaticus

Caprimulgidae

House Swift

Apus affinis

Apodidae

OWLS

NIGHTJARS

SWIFT 140

KINGFISHERS 141

White-Throated Kingfisher

Halcyon smyrnensis

Alcedinidae

142

Common Kingfisher

Alcedo atthis

Alcedinidae

143

Pied Kingfisher

Ceryle rudis

Alcedinidae

144

Green Bee-Eater

Merops orientalis

Meropidae

145

Blue Cheecked Bee-Eater

Merops persicus

Meropidae

146

Indian Roller

Coracias benghalensis

Coraciidae

147

European Roller

Coracias garrulous

Coraciidae

Common Hoopoe

Upupa epops

Upupidae

Coppersmith Barbet

Megalaima haemacephala

Megalaimidae

150

Sykes's Lark

Galerida deva

Alaudidae

151

Singing Bushlark

Mirafra cantillans

Alaudidae

BEE-EATER

ROLLER

HOOPOES 148 BARBETS 149 LARKS

203

Annexures

Sr. No.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

152

Greater Short-Toed Lark

Calandrella brachydactyla

Alaudidae

153

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata

Alaudidae

154

Indian Bushlark

Mirafra erythroptera

Alaudidae

155

Oriental Skylark

Alauda gulgula

Alaudidae

156

Rufous-Tailed Lark

Ammomanes phoenicurus

Alaudidae

157

Ashy-Crowned Sparrow-Lark

Eremopterix grisea

Alaudidae

158

Black-Crowned Sparrow Lark

Eremopterix nigriceps

Alaudidae

159

Sand Lark

Calandrella raytal

Alaudidae

SWLLOWS & MARTINS 160

Dusky Crag Martin

Hirundo concolor

Hirundinidae

161

Barn Swallow

Hirundo rustica

Hirundinidae

162

Wire-Tailed Swallow

Hirundo smithii

Hirundinidae

163

Red-Rumped Swallow

Hirundo daurica

Hirundinidae

164

Long-Tailed Shrike

Lanius schach

Laniidae

165

Bay-Backed Shrike

Lanius vittatus

Laniidae

166

Southern Grey Shrike

Lanius meridionalis

Laniidae

167

Rufous-Tailed Shrike

Lanius isabellinus

Laniidae

Eurasian Golden Oriole

Oriolus oriolus

Oriolidae

169

Black Drongo

Dicrurus macrocercus

Dicruridae

170

White-Bellied Drongo

Dicrurus caerulescens

Dicruridae

SHRIKES

ORIOLES 168 DRONGOS

STARLINGS & MYNAS 171

Brahminy Starling

Sturnus pagodarum

Sturnidae

172

Rosy Starling

Sturnus roseus

Sturnidae

173

Common Myna

Acridotheres tristis

Sturnidae

174

Bank Myna

Acridotheres ginginianus

Sturnidae

CROWS,TREEPIES,MAGPIES 175

Rufous Treepie

Dendrocitta vagabunda

Corvidae

176

Large-Billed Crow

Corvus macrorhynchos

Corvidae

177

House Crow

Corvus splendens

Corvidae 204

Annexures

Sr. No.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

WOODSHRIKES 178

Common Woodshrike

Tephrodornis pondicerianus

Tephrodornithidae

Small Minivet

Pericrocotus cinnamomeus

Campephagidae

180

Common Iora

Aegithina tiphia

Aegithinidae

181

Marshall's Iora

Aegithina nigrolutea

Aegithinidae

182

Red-Vented Bulbul

Pycnonotus cafer

Pycnonotidae

183

White-Eared Bulbul

Pycnonotus leucotis

Pycnonotidae

184

Large Grey Babbler

Turdoides malcolmi

Muscicapidae

185

Jungle Babbler

Turdoides malcolmi

Muscicapidae

186

Common Babbler

Turdoides caudatus

Muscicapidae

MINIVETS 179 IORAS

BULBULS

BABBLERS

PRINIAS, WARBLERS 187

Plain Prinia

Prinia inornata

Cisticolidae

188

Jungle Prinia

Prinia sylvatica

Cisticolidae

189

Rufous-Fronted Prinia

Prinia buchanani

Cisticolidae

190

Graceful Prinia

Prinia gracilis

Cisticolidae

191

Ashy Prinia

Prinia socialis

Cisticolidae

192

Grey-Breasted Prinia

Prinia hodgsonii

Cisticolidae

193

Zitting Cisticola

Cisticola juncidis

Muscicapidae

194

Common Tailorbird

Orthotomus sutorius

Cisticolidae

195

Orphean Warbler

Sylvia hortensis

Sylviidae

196

Lesser Whitethroat

sylvia curruca

Sylviidae

197

Booted Warbler

Hippolais caligata

Sylviidae

198

Clamorous Reed Warbler

Acrocephalus stentoreus

Sylviidae

199

Blyth's Reed Warbler

Acrocephalus dumetorum

Sylviidae

200

Common Chiffchaff

Phylloscopus collybita

Phylloscopidae

MONARCH-FLYCATCHER & PARADISE-FLYCATCHER 201

Asian Paradise-Flycatcher

Terpsiphone paradise

Monarchidae

ROBINS,WHEATEARS, THRUSHES 205

Annexures

Sr. No.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Family

202

Common Stonechat

Saxicola torquata

Muscicapidae

203

Pied Bushchat

Saxicola caprata

Muscicapidae

204

Desert Wheatear

Oenanthe deserti

Muscicapidae

205

Isabelline Wheatear

Oenanthe isabellina

Muscicapidae

206

Variable Wheatear

Oenanthe picata

Muscicapidae

207

Indian Robin

Saxicoloides fulicata

Muscicapidae

208

Black Redstart

Phoenicurus ochruros

Muscicapidae

209

Blue Rock Thrush

Monicola rufiventris

Muscicapidae

WAGTAILS & PIPITS 210

Paddyfield Pipit

Anthus rufulus

Motacillidae

211

Tree Pipit

Anthus trivialis

Motacillidae

212

Tawny Pipit

Anthus campestris

Motacillidae

213

Yellow Wagtail

Motacilla flava

Motacillidae

214

Grey Wagtail

Motacilla cinerea

Motacillidae

215

White Wagtail

Motacilla alba

Motacillidae

216

Citrine Wagtail

Motacilla citreola

Motacillidae

Nectarinia asiatica

Nectariniidae

Oriental white eye

Zosterops palpebrosus

Zosteropidae

219

House Sparrow

Passer Domesticus

Passeridae

220

Chestnut-Shouldered Petronia

Petronia Xanthocollis

Passeridae

Baya Weaver

Ploceus philippinus

Ploceidae

Indian Silverbill

Lonchura malabarica

Estrildidae

223

House Bunting

Emberiza striolata

Emberizidae

224

Grey-Necked Bunting

Emberiza buchanani

Emberizidae

SUNBIRDS & SPIDERHUNTERS 217

Purple Sunbird

WHITE-EYES 218 SPARROW

WEAVERS 221 MUNIAS 222 BUNTINGS

206

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